Strategies for Motivating English Foreign Language Learners

Motivational models for English Foreign Language (EFL) improve student motivation. Research has shown that motivation provides the basic impulsion to begin foreign language learning and subsequently the stimulus to keep up the often mind-numbing learning processes. Sound hypothetical consideration supports contemporary motivational strategies. However, no empirical evidence backs up the strategies causing the need for further research.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Strategies for Motivating English Foreign Language Learners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research has revealed the significance of the learning environment in shaping the motivational aspects of learners. The systematic motivation strategy by Dornyei provides a parsimonious system of four dimensions. The first dimension is creating basic motivational conditions. This involves establishing a positive teacher-student relationship, suppor tive classroom condition, and creating a cohesive learn group. The next dimension is generating initial motivation. The strategy provides that teachers have a role to use appropriate strategies to enhance the learners’ anticipation for success and adopt a positive mindset regarding the language. The other technique is maintaining and protecting motivation through simulations and engaging in enjoyable tasks. This technique aims at promoting learner autonomy and positive culture. The teacher should also encourage students to undertake positive retrospective self-evaluation. The Macro-strategy is effective for teaching English Foreign Learners because it has the four dimensions. It gives priority to appropriate teacher behavior. Both the Taiwan and Hungarian survey provide that presenting a personal role model is an extremely influential device for motivating students. Teachers need to understand their responsibility as leaders in all learner teams. The research confirms the sig nificance of the teachers’ projection of enthusiasm in the subject matter to have a strong influence on the motivational disposition of the learners. Another provision of the macro-strategy is the essentiality of recognizing the efforts of learners and celebrating any of their success. The strategy provides that successful EFL teachers recognize the efforts of their students. This concept concurs with the Confucian ideology that recognition of efforts is an effective motivational tool. Educational psychology researchers have accepted macro-strategy because it provides mechanisms for promoting self-confidence of learners. The manner in which learners perceive their ability determines the efforts they will be willing to devote to accomplish a task. Notably, self-confidence leads to self-efficacy.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another outstanding requirement of the ma cro-strategy is that teachers must create a pleasant and relaxed learning environment. Learning a second language is certainly one of the most difficult experiences students come across during their erudition. A tense classroom is a powerful negative element that hinders students from achieving their objectives. The strategy reinforces it is the responsibility of the teacher to create a safe learning environment, where participants shy away from social comparison but promote risk-taking. Next, the strategy advocates for presenting tasks properly. The mode of presentation of information apparently bears a strong impact on how the students learn. It is imperative that teachers put in mind why learners should do particular exercises and watchfully put across what the lesson intends the students to learn. Instructional clarify is, therefore, an indispensable motivational medium. The strategy also requires teachers to increase the goal-orientation of learners. English Foreign Learners re searchers have adopted a more education-specific notion of objectives, illustrating their influential ability on student motivation in classroom settings. The macro-strategy encourages teachers to promote the creation of personal objectives. It suggests that a lack of recognition of the scope of goal setting affects negatively the performance of learners. Besides, the strategy provides that teachers should make the learning tasks stimulating. It recognizes that students are always eager to invest substantial resources in activities that arouse their curiosity. Teachers who do not regard interesting learning tasks imperative motivational aspects risk underperforming. Another provision of the strategy that teachers should use to improve their performance is familiarizing learners with the L2 culture and related values. There is pragmatic evidence that the disposition of English First Learners towards the target culture has significant impact on their achievement. Raising this group of learner’s cross-cultural awareness enables them to appreciate the need to excel in the language, irrespective of any prevailing de-motivating circumstances. Additionally, promoting group cohesiveness and setting group rules also enhances English learning. This provision confirms earlier findings that group behavior determines the development of beliefs and actions of its members. However, experts, including Dornyei and Murphey, have presented a contradicting opinion regarding this provision. They have argued that researchers have not accorded the group-building issues due significance. The provision needs not to gain recognition a major motivation enhancing technique, as research is underway.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Strategies for Motivating English Foreign Language Learners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The macro-strategy advocates for learner autonomy. It has heightened that an au tonomy-supporting environment influences an increase in intrinsic motivation. The language teachers’ communicative style determines the autonomy of learners. When learners govern their own learning process, they become innovative. Conclusively, most motivational models are transferable across various cultural settings. Promoting learners’ confidence, creating an interesting learning environment, displaying motivational teacher behavior, and presenting tasks properly are components of this strategy that are acceptable universally. Outstanding motivational techniques provide many common outcomes. However, some cultural settings portray promoting learner autonomy, which is an effective motivational technique, as extraneous. This critical writing on Strategies for Motivating English Foreign Language Learners was written and submitted by user Harley Buchanan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

music ap Essays

music ap Essays music ap Paper music ap Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The relative highness or lowness of a sound is called pitch Dynamics in music refers to how loud or soft A symphonic band consists mainly of brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments Symphonic bands differ from symphonic orchestras in that they do not contain a string section The saxophone is a single reed woodwind instrument Which of the following is not a double reed instrument? clarinet The ______ is similar in shape to the trumpet, but its tone is more mellow. cornet A dissonance is a combination of tones that is considered unstable and tense The central tone around which a musical composition is organized is called the tonic Modulation refers to a shift from one key to another within the same composition the dark ages in europe began about 450 with the disintegration of the Roman Empire The church frowned on instruments because of their earlier role in pagan rites most midieval music was gregorian chant In the Middle Ages the organ gradually evolved into a flexible instrument that could play intricate polyphonic music The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries by French nobles called troubadours and trouvà ¨res The French secular songs of the Middle Ages usually dealt with love, spinning, crusades Which of the following statements is not true of secular music in the Middle Ages? The medieval jongleurs, important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers, were accordingly ranked on a high social level. The melody added to the Gregorian chant to form organum around 1100 was usually ______________ the original chant. more indipened and slower A chant that is used as the basis for polyphony is known as cantus firmus Secular music in the fourteenth century became more important than sacred music was not based on Gregorian chant included drinking songs and pieces in which bird calls, dog barks, and hunting shouts were imitated Which of the following statements is not true of Renaissance music? Instrumental music became more important than vocal music during the Renaissance. The texture of Renaissance music is chiefly polyphonic A cappella refers to unaccompanied choral music WRONG Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrinas career centered in Florence training, like Josquins, was in Flanders music includes 104 masses and some 450 other sacred works Which of the following composers is not an important madrigalist? Josquin Desprez The Renaissance ballett is a dancelike song for several solo voices Terpsichore, a collection of over 300 dance tunes, was arranged for instrumental ensemble by Michael Praetorius The ____________ is a stately dance in duple meter similar to the pavane. passamezzo Which of the following is not true of Venice in the sixteenth century? It was a part of the Papal States on the northeastern coast of Italy. wrong Which of the following statements is not true? St. Marks Cathedral in Venice employed up to twenty instrumentalists and thirty singers for grand ceremonies. The word baroque has at various times meant all of the following except naturalistic Baroque painters exploited their materials to expand the potential of ____________ to create totally structured worlds. color ornament and detail depth The early baroque was characterized by homophonic texture The solo instruments in Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the ____________, violin, and harpsichord. flute In many fugues, the subject in one voice is constantly accompanied in another voice by a different melodic idea called a(n) countersubject Turning the subject of a fugue upside down, or reversing the direction of each interval, is called inversion Bachs personal musical style was drawn from Italian concertos French dance pieces German church music A collection of compositions that displays all the resources of fugue writing is Johann Sebastian Bachs Art of the Fugue Although all the movements of a baroque suite are in the same key, they differ in meter national origin tempo The ____________ is an instrumental composition based on a chorale. chorale prelude A symphony is a sonata for orchestra The double bass in the classical orchestra, as in Mozarts Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, usually doubles the cello part an octave lower Typical in classical music, the string bass part in Mozarts Eine Kleine Nachtmusik sounds an octave lower than the cello part The usual order of movements in a classical symphony is fast, slow, dance-related, fast A classical concerto is a three-movement work for instrumental soloist and orchestra The most important form of classical chamber music is the string quirtet The piano trio is a musical composition for violin, cello, and piano Haydn was fortunate in having a long and fruitful, as well as financially stable relationship with the noble Hungarian family of Esterhzy Haydn was a prolific composer, as demonstrated in part by his 68 string quartets and 104 symphonies Which of the following statements is not true? The finale of Beethovens Ninth Symphony is based on Schillers poem about human brotherhood, Ode to Joy. Beethoven opened new realms of musical expression that profoundly influenced composers throughout the nineteenth century. Like Haydn and many other composers of the classical period, Beethoven was most successful financially when in the service of the aristocracy. In the finale of his Ninth Symphony, Beethoven took the unprecedented step of using a chorus and four solo vocalists. Like Haydn and many other composers of the classical period, Beethoven was most successful financially when in the service of the aristocracy. Drawing creative inspiration from cultures of lands foreign to the composer is known as exoticism A romantic composer who earned his living as a touring virtuoso was Franz Liszt The German composers of art songs favored, among others, the lyric poetry of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Heinrich Heine Robert Schumanns works are intensly autobiographical. usually linked with descriptive titles, texts, or programs. essentially lyrical in nature. Liszt created the ______________, a one-movement orchestral composition based to some extent on a literary or pictorial idea. symphonic poem Besides his musical achievements, Mendelssohn was a talented painter brilliant conversationalist in four languages fine writer Instrumental music endowed with literary or pictorial associations is called _______ music. program Tchaikovsky participated as a conductor in a concert inaugurating Carnegie Hall in New York The German master _____________ recommended DvoYks music to his own publisher, resulting in a rapid spread of DvoYks fame. Johannes Brahms The librettos to The Ring of the Nibelung were written by Wagner himself Striking a group of adjacent keys on a piano with the fist or forearm will result in a tone cluster Which of the following is not characteristic of neoclassicism? misty atmosphere Neoclassical composers modeled many of their works after the compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach Sergei Diaghilev was the director of the Russian Ballet In the 1950s Stravinsky dramatically changed his style, drawing inspiration from Anton Webern Schoenbergs third period, in which he developed the twelve-tone system, began around 1921 Which of the following statements regarding Alban Berg is untrue? He composed a great quantity of music in all forms. Weberns Five Pieces for Orchestra are scored for chamber orchestra of eighteen soloists Porgy and Bess is a(n) opera In 1921 Copland went to France, where he was the first American to study composition with Nadia Boulanger A jazz sound results from its variety of pitch inflections the type of vibrato employed the particular way tones are attacked and released Which of the following statements is not true? Jazz is generally played by a small combo of three to eight players, or by a big band of ten to fifteen. Jazz can be described generally as music rooted in improvisation and characterized by syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and distinctive tone colors and techniques of performance. Jazz can be notated as easily as any other musical form. Some jazz improvisations are based not on a melody but on a harmonic pattern, or series of chords. Jazz can be notated as easily as any other musical form. treemonisha is a(n) _______________ by Scott Joplin. opera The king of ragtime is acknowledged to be Scott Joplin The poetic and musical form of the blues was popularized in the early years of the twentieth century through the publication of Memphis Blues and St. Louis Blues, composed by William C. Handy The blues usually follow a 12-bar pattern as a basis for improvisation can be happy or sad, fast or slow may be vocal or instrumental Vocal blues often contain sexual references are intensely personal deal with the pain of betrayal, desertion, and unrequited love New Orleans style Dixieland flourished in the United States from 1900 to 1917 The typical form of a swing composition is 32 bar aaba One of the leading figures in the history of jazz, and the composer of such compositions as Black, Brown, and Beige and Sophisticated Lady, is duke ellington which of the following statements not true? Operetta, or comic opera, combines song, spoken dialogue, and dance, with sophisticated musical techniques. The main section of a musical comedy song is called the verse. The sources of the American musical include operetta, vaudeville, and the revue. A musical comedy aims to entertain through fusion of a dramatic script, acting, and spoken dialogue with music, singing, and dancing and with scenery, costumes, and spectacle. The main section of a musical comedy song is called the verse. Revues in the first decades of the twentieth century featured pretty, scantily clad young women who sang and danced featured comedians who performed sketches were often satirical Slaughter on Tenth Avenue, the ballet used in the climax of On Your Toes, was choreographed by George Balanchine Which of the following American musicals is not by Stephen Sondheim? of thee i sing Which of the following statements is not true of Leonard Bernsteins music? It is frequently atonal. Which of the following is not a function of film music? provide songs for the actors to sing Movie soundtracks can contain original music and previously existing compositions Since the 1960s most film music is composed by freelance composers During the last few years, moviegoers have taken a greater interest in film music A folk-like, guitar-based style associated with rural white Americans is known as country and western Which of the following was not among the leading performers of rhythm and blues in the 1950s? Aretha Franklin Chuck Berry Little Richard Bo Diddley Aretha Franklin Which of the following statements is not true? During the 1960s, the popular music scene was basically confined to the English form of rock. The Supremes and Stevie Wonder were among the many Motown stars. A new era in rock history began in 1964 with the American tour of the Beatles, an English group. The rhythm and blues of the 1950s differed from earlier blues in its more powerful beat and its use of the saxophone and electric guitar. During the 1960s, the popular music scene was basically confined to the English form of rock. Many of the bands in the second British invasion (1980s) used electronic technology and often featured outlandish costumes An important trend of the 1980s was world music A method of singing used by males to reach notes higher than their normal range is called falsetto The Beatles were influenced by many different styles, but not by Motown Which of these recordings can be considered a unified song cycle? Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band Name two of the four properties of musical sound. pitch dynamics Define p and f. p piano f forte Name three string instruments. violin, guitar, banjo Name three woodwind instruments. flute and saxaphone, trumpet Name two brass instruments. cornet, horn Name two percussion instruments. triangle, bass drum Name one of the two giants of Baroque composition. handel, bach Name one of the three Classical composers. bethoven In the Romantic Era, more music was written for what particular instrument? piano Name any two 20th Century composers. duke ellington, john cage

A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift Essay -- Jonathan Swift, A Modest Pr

Swift makes a bold claim to harnessing the sole fail proof method for reversing Ireland’s course of poverty turned famine. The proposal entails selling one’s own children for consumption of food, thus placing food on the table for those who can afford, placing money into the mothers pocket, and allowing the would be needy childr... A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift Essay -- Jonathan Swift, A Modest Pr In the story â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Swift spread many ideas throughout the essay. It was made to be seen that Swift did not care for children mainly because they placed burdens on their parents and they had no contribution to society. This was actually not true. Swift is trying to add value to these children and allow them to be better contributors to the rich people of Ireland and release burdens off their parents. â€Å"I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could ï ¬ nd out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation†(Swift 2). Swift most likely has some bad memories as a child or perhaps was treated differently as a child then the children of that time were. I say this because it is clear he dislikes, or perhaps not dislikes, but would like to better them for society. Swift feels they need to be more useful members for the commonwealth maybe because when he was a child he was forced to be of use. Swift als nd then served to the rich landowners is because he believes it will truly help the commonwealth of the nation, and will help the overpopulation issue. Swift obviously believes it is a â€Å"win win† for the nation, the people, the parents, and the commonwealth of the nation. Swift’s goal must have been to help the society as much as he could have in giving them his proposal. Swift wanted to help the social, political and economical problems that Ireland had, and really felt that if the country had used his proposal they could solve their problems. Jonathan Swift’s proposal was a essay targeted at bettering the commonwealth of the nation of Ireland and allowing the kids to make a contribution to the nation. Swift cared for the children as well as he cared for the health of the nation and would have loved to see the nation flourish using the proposal he left behind. A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift Essay -- Jonathan Swift, A Modest Pr Contrary to the narrator’s belief that this method would decrease the theft, abortion, and murder rate of unwanted children, I would not be so afraid to say that this would be considered, if passed, nothing more than legitimate murder. This could also cause the demand on such meat to rise and the supply to run thin, causing an even greater degree of theft with the stealing of a person’s loved ones and murder. Richard B. Freeman, a Professor of Economics at Harvard University even mentioned this in his study called â€Å"The Economics of Crime† which in Cha... A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift Essay -- Jonathan Swift, A Modest Pr Swift’s main purpose of â€Å"A Modest Proposal† was to display the absurdity of the insensible acts that were being carried out by the Irish government. This essay did not actually comply with finding a solution to the problem in the country. He was actually attempting to show those of Ireland that this was the similar to what the government was allowing to occur. A famous quote that can be linked to this essay is as follows, â€Å"The poor were getting poorer and the rich were getting richer.† To refer to women, Swift uses the word ‘breeders.’ They were treated as someone that furthered mankind, rather than a provider. If the reader wasn’t aware that Swift was making a mockery of Ireland’s political system, the reader could possibly become disgusted with â€Å"A Modest Proposal.† If one examines the actual content of â€Å"A Modest Proposal† they can catch the tone of s the sense of resentment towards Roman Catholics. T hroughout the essay Roman Catholics are referred to as â€Å"papists.† In paragraph thirteen, Swift mentions that more Catholic babies are born nine months after Lent and will flood the market with infants. Later on, he says his proposal â€Å"will have one other collateral advantage, by lessening the number of papists among us† (869). From paragraph thirteen, the author reveals animosity towards papists by wanting to reduce the number of their children and therefore reducing the amount of Catholics. Also, another evaluation can be made by the fact that Jonathan Swift himself was an ordained Anglican priest (866). Since the ever-present conflict between Catholics and Protests existed, it makes it quite possible that the Catholic Church had an influence on Ireland’s economy at the time or so Swift leads the reader to believe.

Explain Einsteins theory of relativity and its impact upon science and Essay

Explain Einsteins theory of relativity and its impact upon science and society - Essay Example He treated matter and energy as exchangeable, not distinct. In doing so, he laid the basis for controlling the release of energy from the atom. Thus, Einstein was one of the fathers of the nuclear age (Kevles, 1989). Setting out from the discoveries of the new quantum mechanics, he showed that light travels through space in a quantum form (as bundles of energy). This was clearly in contradiction to the previously accepted theory of light as a wave. In effect, Einstein revived the old corpuscular theory of light, but in an entirely different way. Here light was shown as a new kind of particle with duel nature, simultaneously displaying the properties of a particle and a wave. This startling theory made possible the retention of all the great discoveries of 19th century optics, including spectroscopes, as well as Maxwell’s equation. Einstein’s discovery of the law of equivalence of mass and energy is expressed in his famous equation E = mc2, which expresses the colossal energies locked up in the atom. This is the source of all the concentrated energy in the universe. The symbol ‘e’ represents energy (in ergs), ‘m’ stands for mass (in grams) and ‘c’ is the speed of light (in centimeters per second). The actual value of c2 is 900 billion billion. That is to say, the conversion of one gram of energy locked up in matter will produce a staggering 900 billion billion ergs. Einstein predicted that the mass of a moving object would increase at very high speeds. The discoveries of quantum mechanics demonstrated the correctness of the special theory of relativity, not only qualitatively, but quantitatively. The predictions of special relativity have been shown to correspond to the observed facts. Scientists discovered by experiment that gamma-rays could produce atomic particles, transforming the energy of light into matter. They also found that the minimum energy required to create a particle depended on its

Lady in the Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lady in the Water - Essay Example From the essay "Lady in the Water" it is clear that this film is the story which was a spontaneous and unplanned story told by the writer and director of this film, M. Night Shyamalan to his children. But when this kids’ story came in form of the film, it has not become a mere kids’ story. It was because some of the scenes shown in the film are not suitable for kids. Fairy tales can work effectively on pages as well as on screen. They take you in the world of fantasy and imagination. â€Å"Lady in the Water† also has the same attributes. It is a complex and fantasy-filled bedtime story. It is the story based on the current situation. The story conveys the message to the adults who have lost their capacity for deep thinking due to materialism and excess of individualism. According to the writer, we have lost our capacity of deep listening. Today we are surrounded by the bogus stories which are actually far away from reality, especially on television. These stories contain a certain amount of violence, and horror as well as humor. But the real purpose of the bedtime story cannot be attained in television programs. According to Christian Hamaker, "The film is often inspirational, contemplating the worth of humankind, showing how those who are emotionally deadened can be reawakened by a power beyond themselves, and demonstrating how the bonds of a loosely knit community can be strengthened in a common cause. †¦ Although not quite on par with some of the director's earlier work, Lady has its rewards." (Christian Hamaker, July 20, 2006). The power for cherishing goodness by defeating the evil things is there in every human being. Once it gets awakened, the evil has to be defeated. Every human and every living and non living thing on the earth have occupied with divine soul. But unfortunately the materialism of life has made us to forget the divine qualities in us. The water in the film is associated with purity so as the aquatic creature. Again here there is an essence of Hindu theology of incarnation of Lord Vishnu. In the troublesome period, to save the mankind, Lord Vishnu, one of the prim e Hindu Gods incarnate himself and became a fish. This incarnation is known as Matsya (Fish). In this film also Story comes from water to assist mankind. Thus the water is associated with purity, sacredness, innocence while the land is associated

The North Shore Essay Example for Free

The North Shore Essay To travel across Minnesota, is the opportunity to experience the vast prairie lands, where an individual can see as far as the eye allows, to the lakes, where the water calms, and the trees enrich the landscape.   Perhaps no venture is as rich as the North Shore, where the terrain is varied, the fog rolls in as across what appears to be an ocean, and the view is grand.    The journey north to The North Shore, is enlivened with small towns, each filled with treasures from local artisans, and every other shop boasting of being the best in canoeing outfitters as the Boundary Waters approaches.    It is where an individual can quite literally reach the â€Å"end of the road.†Ã‚   The North Shore has had an impact on the history of Minnesota, from the settling of the land, to the economic fortunes and misfortunes. Tourism in the Duluth and North Shore area continues to expand, in this area rich in history.   The Superior Hiking Trail, a long distance footpath, was modeled after the Appalachian Trail, runs along the ridgeline adjacent to Lake Superiors North Shore from Duluth, Minnesota to the Canadian border.   By 1998, 240 miles of the project has been completed. The trail was completed with the assistance of federal, state and local governments in combination with artists, resort and business owners, and hiking enthusiasts.   The Trail was officially opened in July 1987 at Briton Peak on the Sawbill Trail. According to Backpacker magazine, Minnesota’s Superior Hiking Trail (SHT) ranks as one of the 10 best hiking trails in the country.   This trail covers 224 miles of Minnesota’s most rugged terrain, running parallel to the North Shore of Lake Superior.   Throughout the trail, there are more than two-dozen rivers and streams among the ridges of the Sawtooth Mountains.   Throughout the trail there are opportunities to see Lake Superior and numerous inland lakes.   The high ridges are covered with oak trees and maple trees.   Additional growth includes boreal evergreens, birch, and aspen.   In the valleys, cedar and spruce trees and interspersed with red and white pine. The Superior National Forest The Superior Forest is covered with 445,000 acres of surface water, more than 1,300 miles of cold-water streams and 950 miles of warm water streams flow within the boundaries of the Superior. Fish species such as walleye, northern pike, small mouth bass, lake trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout can be found in abundance in these waters. The northern forest continues to thrive with a variety of pine, fir and spruce trees and a variety of wildlife including deer, moose, the gray wolf, and black bear.   The population of the gray wolf has returned in Northern Minnesota, where it had once dwindled.   Reports of the wolf population vary from 300 to 2500.   (www.duluthstreams.org) Lake Superior was known to the Native Americans as Gitche Gumi.   The North Shore is 150 miles long.   Lake Superior, the world’s largest freshwater lake, covers about 31,700 square miles.   Lake Superior is the deepest of the Great Lakes, as much as 700 feet deep, only 3 miles out from shore. The deepest spot, 1,332 feet, is 40 miles off Munising, Michigan. The lake is 380 miles long, 160 miles wide, and has a surface area of 31,700 square miles, and 2900 miles of shoreline. (www.duluthstreams.org) History of Lake Superior The Native Americans first traveled Lake Superior using birch bark canoes to navigate the waters of Lake Superior.   Immigrant Europeans also used birch bark canoes to explore Lake Superior as early as the 1600s.   During the 1700s, the fur trade expanded the economy of the area, increasing the usage of Lake Superior by larger, cargo-carrying vessels.   When the fur trade declined in the 1800s, the local economy focused their efforts on fishing Lake Superior.   Merchant ships increase trade and transportation. Settlement of the North Shore began following the La Pointe Treaty in 1854, in which the Native Americans gave the Minnesota shoreline of Lake Superior to the United States.   (Castle, 1915)   The signing of the La Pointe Treaty was the Ojibwe surrender of their last territory.   They didn’t fully understand the process and believed they were working toward a compromise when it occurred. Because of the rich resources of copper, iron, and timber, navigation of Lake Superior continued to grow.   With the introduction of the railroad, bulk cargo of wheat and corn became more common.   With the increase in traffic on Lake Superior, came increased risk, as ships and sailors were lost due to weather, human error or mechanical failure.   The collapse of the fur trade made an economic impact on the area of Lake   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 Rhoda R. Gilman, The History and Peopling of Minnesota: Its Culture, Daedalus 129.3 (2000): 1, Questia, 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001774954. Superior and the Native Americans, who had once participated in trade between themselves and the Europeans.   (Castle, 1915) The waters of Minnesota flow south to the Gulf of Mexico, east to the Atlantic Ocean, and north to Hudson Bay.   Minnesota’s history is interwoven with that of Canada, â€Å"described by French traders and missionaries in the 1600s, the region was for practical purposes a part of British territory until well into the nineteenth century. Today it shares with the Province of Ontario a coastline on Lake Superior and a vast wilderness canoe country. With Manitoba it shares the agricultural wealth and the flood problems of the Red River Valley, and it depends on the prairie provinces for vital energy resourcesoil from Alberta and Saskatchewan, and hydroelectricity from northern Manitoba.†1 This area was first settled by Native Americans from the St. Lawrence Valley.   The Ojibwe Indians, settled in the areas west of Lake Michigan and Superior, in an attempt to flee the Iroquois.   â€Å"For the next century and a half the land now comprising Minnesota was included in the Canadian fur-trade systema continent-spanning network that linked American Indian cultures and resources with the commercial world of Europe. Indian people handled production on their own terms, while transportation and marketing were dominated first by licensees of the French crown and later by large British-managed monopolies.†1 1 Rhoda R. Gilman, The History and Peopling of Minnesota: Its Culture, Daedalus 129.3 (2000): 1, Questia, 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001774954. Initially, settlement of the area occurred quickly, as the rumors of copper and gold spread.   As the railroad neared, the population of Duluth grew from 14 families in January of 1869, to 3,500 people by July of 1869, mostly consisting of Scandinavian immigrants. The increase in population also brought an increase in the building of sawmills, grain elevators and warehouses, and homes. (www.mnhs.org) Following the 1873 Panic, Duluth’s population rapidly dwindled to 1,300 people.  Ã‚   A period of recovery occurred during 1879 and 1889, returning stability to the area. The economy in Duluth rapidly spread across the state, increasing the ability to trade grain from the prairies.   Two Harbors was established as the first iron ore port in Minnesota, increasing the opportunities for laborers in the state.   The fishing industry continued to grow, from 35 commercial fisherman in 1879, to 195 commercial fisherman in 1885.   The fishing industry followed the same path as the fur trade, and eventually commercial fishermen were forced to look for other work.   (Castle, 1915) As an outlet for iron, Duluth became Minnesota’s third major city.   Shipbuilding opened up new opportunities in the area, bringing further prosperity.   Railroad yards and ore docks continued to multiply after the turn of the century, to meet demand.   (Gillman, 2000, 1)   To increase the ability to transport material goods, a trail through the woods was established during the 1870.   As the railroad expanded in the state, the Duluth Iron Range Railway was constructed connecting Duluth and Two Harbors in 1889.   The road led to a great deal of change in the lives of the residents and in the economy.   No longer were the residents of the area dependent on outside vendors to transport their products.   Roads enabled them to transport their own products.   Roads also increased tourism in the area.   (Castle, 1915) As spoken by New York journalist, John St. John in 1946, while describing Lake Superior: â€Å"To the travelerlet me say a few words. Take a bark canoe, which two or three trials will make you at home in, for they are much easier to get the ‘hang’ of than most persons suppose; go to the adjacent islands, run into the caverns and grottos which cannot be reached in any other way. If you are in pursuit of pleasure, whether lady or gentleman, you can find it in the Lake Superior region, provided you can be pleased with grand scenery, water-falls, lakes and mountains.†1 (www.mnhs.org) The Sault Locks were completed in 1855, enabling steamboats on the Lakes to carry passengers and freight.   During the first year, 149 steamers carried 8,295 passengers and 5,690 tons of cargo.   (Blegen, 1963) Reportedly, Minnesota as a tourist destination began in the spring of 1826, when   the steamer Lawrence arrived in Fort Snelling, needing   to re-establish its communication with the outside world.   (www.mnhs.org)   Fort Snelling became a popular location, with steamers arriving with passengers who were on what they considered to be a â€Å"fashionable tour of the Northwest.   It wasn’t long before visitors from as far away as New Orleans, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh traveled to Minnesota for a variety of reasons. Minnesota is rich in both history and culture.   First settled by the Ojibwe Indians, Minnesota was forever altered by the European immigrants who established treaties in order to acquire the land for their settlement.   These treaties forced the Native Americans to move onto reservations.   During the time span between 1826 and 1871, six treaties and agreements with the Dakota nation, and sixteen treaties, agreements, and major pieces of legislation affecting the Ojibwe, were used to take the native land.   (Peacock, 2000) References Blegen, Theodore C. (1963) Minnesota: A History of the State. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Castle Henry A. (1915) Minnesota, Its Story and Biography, 2 vols. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company. Copway, George. Life, Letters, and Speeches. Ed. A. Lavonne Brown Ruoff and Donald B. Smith. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Questia. 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=21009722. Duluth, Minn. a See-Worthy Seaport on Lake Superior. (2004, October 17). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL), p. 3. Retrieved April 23, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5007582493 Gilman, R. R. (2000). The History and Peopling of Minnesota: Its Culture. Daedalus, 129(3), 1. Retrieved April 23, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001774954 Minnesota Historical Society.   (1996)   Minnesota Lake Superior History.   Retrieved April 23, 2007 from http://www.mnhs.org/places/nationalregister/shipwrecks Peacock, Thomas D., and Donald R. Day. Nations within a Nation: The Dakota and Ojibwe of Minnesota. Daedalus 129.3 (2000): 137. Questia. 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001775006.

Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species Essay -- Evolution Charles D

Charles Darwin in his book, On the Origin of Species, presents us with a theory of natural selection. This theory is his attempt at an explanation on how the world and its' species came to be the way that we know them now. Darwin writes on how through a process of millions of years, through the effects of man and the effects of nature, species have had an ongoing trial and error experiment. It is through these trials that the natural world has developed beneficial anomalies that at times seem too great to be the work of chance. Darwin writes on how a species will adapt to its environment given enough time. When an animal gains a genetic edge over its competitors, be they of the same species or of another genus altogether, the animal has increased its chance of either procreation or adaptation. When this animal has this beneficial variance, the advantage becomes his and because of this, the trait is then passed on to the animals offspring. The theory of natural selection is not limited to inheritable and beneficial variations of a species. It also relies a great deal on the population growth and death of a species. For a species to continue to exist it must make sure of a few things. It must first produce more offspring that survive. If this is not done then the species is obviously going to die off. It is also important for the species to propagate at such a rate as to allow for variance, for it is variance that will ultimately allow the animal to exist comfortably in his surroundings. In his studies, Darwin was led to understand that â€Å"†¦the species of the larger genera in each country would oftener present varieties, than the species of the smaller genera;† (p. 55). Thus the larger species would adapt while the smaller one would not. And to quote Darwin again, â€Å"†¦if any one species does not become modified and improved in a corresponding degree with its competitors, it will soon be ex terminated.† (p. 102) Extinction, although not as pleasant a concept as the idea of adapting to ones surroundings, plays just as large a role in natural selection as anything else. As one adaptation of a species proves beneficial, and as that variation begins to propagate, the original, less advantageous variant will die off. It is the unchanged species that are in immediate conflict with the species undergoing the natural adaptation that stand to suffer... ...was one hundred percent. Sometimes his arguments fell a little flat and at other times he sounded a bit trite as if he were challenging others to come up with a better answer. And in some ways I hope he was. In the meantime, however, I think he could have done a better job. I am an evolutionist. I have always been an evolutionist. For years now I have known the premise of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. And for years now I have blindly believed it. Having read his book, I can still say that I believe in evolution, and I believe in Darwin’s work. But if there was ever a doubt in my mind it was only because Darwin put it there. It is because of this that I truly think Darwin was fair in the utmost sense of the word. Had he not been fair, which he could have been, he could have made a most convincing argument. But he stated every question in his theories and did his best to rebut. And I feel that in his rebuttal, he was convincing indeed. Work Cited Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. 2003. Work Consulted Desmond, A. & Moore, J. Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist. W.W. Norton & Company. New York. 1994

Joint Problems Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Patellofemoral articulation jobs are the most common overuse hurt of the lower appendage, and altered femoral or hep rotary motion may plays a major function in patellofemoral hurting Patellofemoral hurting syndrome ( PFPS ) is the 2nd most common musculoskeletal ailment presented to physical therapists ( Witvrouw et al, 1996. Hilyard, 1990 ) . Studies has shown Patello Femoral Pain Syndrome to be the most common individual diagnosing among smugglers and in athleticss medical specialty centres. Eleven per centum of musculoskeletal ailments in the office scenes are caused by anterior articulatio genus hurting ( which most normally consequences from PFPS, constitutes 16-25 % of all hurts in smugglers ) . The term PFPS is frequently used interchangeably with â€Å" anterior articulatio genus hurting † or â€Å" smuggler ‘s articulatio genus † . Patellofemoral hurting syndrome can be defined as retropatellar or peripatellar hurting ensuing from physical and biomechanical alterations in the patellofemoral articulation. It should be distinguished from chondromalacia, which is existent fraying and harm to the underlying patellar gristle. Patients with patellofemoral hurting syndrome have anterior articulatio genus hurting that typically occurs with activity and frequently worsens when they are falling stairss or hills. It can besides be exacerbated by activities such as go uping stepss, crouching, kneeling, drawn-out posing ( Doucette and Goble, 1992 ) . The oncoming of the symptom is normally insidious ( Arroll et al, 1997: Hilyard, 1990 ) . One or both articulatio genuss can be affected. Many factors are involved in complex interactions that influence the patellofemoral articulation and the exact aetiology and pathophysiology of PFPS is frequently puzzling ( Fulkerson and Hungerford, 1990 ; Finestone et Al, 1993 ) . Many theories have been proposed to explicate the etiology of the patellofemoral hurting. These include mechanical, muscular and over use theories. There is consensus that malalignment and maltracking of the kneecap are major characteristics of PFPS ( Maclntyre and Robertson,1992: Gerrard, 1989 ) . The patellar maltracking consequences in unnatural joint emphasis and subsequent articular gristle ware ( Powers: 1998 ) . Lateral trailing of the kneecap has been listed as a major subscriber to malalignment which consequences in unnatural joint compaction and later patellar hurting. It is normally theorized that maltracking is the consequence of vastus medialis ( VM ) weakening comparative to the vastus lateralis ( VL ) , ensuing in sidelong trailing of kneecap ( Mc Conell, 1986 ) . Weak hip muscular structure is besides thought to lend to unnatural trailing of kneecap. Ireland et Al found that adult females with PFPS are 26 % weaker hip abduction and 36 % weaker in hip internal rotary motion compared with healthy controls. Such failing may do an addition in both varus force vector at the articulatio genus a combination that may farther ease median trailing of kneecap. Lower appendage malalignment ( caused by abnormalcies such as an increased standing ‘Q ‘ angle, pes planus or subtalar pronation ) frequently has been implicated as a cause of PFPS. Most patients with PFPS respond favorably to conservative intercession. These include quadriceps beef uping, patellar tape, patellar brace, stretching, soft tissue mobilisation. With the most common intervention being quadriceps beef uping utilizing weight bearing and non weight bearing exercisings, weight bearing exercisings are more functional than non weight bearing exercisings because they require multijoint motion, easing a functional form of musculus enlisting and stimulate proprioceptors. In an attempt to supply immediate decrease to trouble, Mc Conell proposed utilizing tape to modify patellar orientation and normalise patellar trailing. When handling patients with patellofemoral hurting who demonstrate deficiency of control of hip abduction and external rotary motion during weight bearing activities such as walking and falling stepss, one end may to be to optimise musculus map to command these gestures, as such motion can ensue in knee varus, an addition in dynamic ‘Q ‘ angle and greater median forces moving on the kneecap. Hence, it would look sensible to endeavor for optimum map of hip muscular structure.1.2 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDYDespite its prevalence, nevertheless the etiology and specific intervention of this hurting syndrome remain obscure and controversial. The premiss behind most intervention attacks is that Patellofemoral hurting syndromes is the consequence of malalignment and/or unnatural patellar trailing. Interventions are frequently focused locally and typically include quadriceps beef uping, patellar tape, patellar brace and soft tissue mobilisation. Based on the old researches, we theorized that the exercisings stressing neuromuscular control of both the quadriceps and hip median rotators may profit patients diagnosed with PFPS. Therefore, the intent of this survey was to look into the effects of hip median rotators and quadriceps beef uping plan in patients with patellofemoral hurting syndrome.Need AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY:Need of the survey:To cut down hurting To better scope of gesture To better functional activityAims:To find the effectivity of median rotator musle and quadriceps beef uping in patellofemoral hurting To find the effectivity of quadriceps beef uping in patellofemoral hurting To compare the effectivity of quadriceps beef uping and median rotator musculus beef uping exercising in patellofemoral hurting1.3 HYPOTHESISThe void hypothesis for this survey could be stated as â€Å" There Is No Significant Difference In Reduction Of Pain between the group having Hip Medial Rotator and Quadriceps Muscle Strengthening when compared with Quadriceps Muscle Strengthening entirely in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain † .REVIEW OF LITERATURECibulka MT, Threlkeld-Watkins J. , 2005 has reported that patellofemoral hurting is the commonest of all the overexploitation hurts of the lower limb. Major cause for this is considered to be altered femoral rotary motion. Powers CM. , 2003 has demonstrated that patellar maltracking and malalignment are the commonest triggering factors for kneecap femoral hurting. Mascal CL, Landel R, Powers C 2003 has concluded in their survey that musces of hip, bole and pelvic girdle are affected in patellofemoral hurting syndrome and hence intercessions directed towards these muscular structure should be included in the rehabilitation protocol. Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Campbell J, Stitt LW 1988 has published a survey on WOMAC graduated table reasoning that WOMAC is the most dependable and valid graduated table for measuring arthritis. Braten M, Terjesen T, Rossvoll I 1992 has demonstrated that ultrasound analysis of hip in anterior articulatio genus hurting reveals femoral rotary motion in most of the patients. i Sameer A.Dixit, M.D. , et al Management of patellofemoral hurting syndrome shown that physical therapy is effectual in handling PFPS. i La Brier K, O ‘ Neill D.B, Patellofemoral syndrome, current constructs. This survey indicate that patellofemoral hurting syndrome is normally treated cautiously, surveies indicate that 60 % to 89 % of articulatio genuss will react favorably to conservative intervention. The exercising plan include Iliotibial set, hamstring and gastrocnemius stretching, progressive opposition straight leg elevation and hip adduction beef uping performed 2 times/ twenty-four hours until symptoms subside and the 3 times /week, thenceforth. i Heintjes, Berger MY, Bierma- Zeinstra SM, Exercise therapy for patellofemoral hurting syndrome stated that the exercising therapy is more effectual in handling PFPS. There is strong grounds that unfastened and closed kinetic concatenation exercising are every bit effectual. i Hudson Z, Daruthy E. Iliotibial set stringency and patellofemoral hurting syndrome. A instance – control survey show that the topics showing with PFPS do hold a tighter ITB. i Fagan V, Delahunt E, Patellofemoral pain syndrome- a reappraisal of the associated neuromuscular shortages and current intervention options stated that â€Å" Physiotherapy intervention programmes look to be an efficacious method of bettering quads instability. i Power et, Al, ( 1997 ) , patient performed free walking, fast walking, go uping and falling walking with and without patellar taping. Taping determined patient ‘s hurting reduced ( VAS ) 50 % during exacerbating activity. i Ernst GP, Kawaguchi. J, Saliba E. Effect of Patellar Taping on articulatio genus dynamicss of patients with patellofemoral hurting syndrome, suggests that patellar taping compared with no tape may better the articulatio genus extensor minute and power during weight bearing activities such as sidelong measure – up exercising and perpendicular leap. i Cristina mare Nunes cabral, Amellia Pasqual Marques, Effect of a closed kinetic concatenation exercising protocol on patellofemoral syndrome rehabilitation. The consequences of T he study allow the suggestion that the proposed quadriceps femoris beef uping exercisings with ROM control should be prescribed for PFPS patients since they improve knee functional degree. i Avraham.F, Aviv.S et al. , The efficaciousness of intervention of different intercession plans for patellofemoral hurting syndrome. The survey with a sum of 30 back-to-back patients ( average age 35 old ages ) diagnosed with PFPS indiscriminately allocated into 3 groups. Group I – Conventional Rehabilitation plan included quadriceps beef uping and TENS, Group II- Hip oriented rehabilitation plan included stretching, hip external rotator strengthening and TENS. Group III-A combination of 2 plans. At terminal of test all groups show important betterment in VAS and PFJES ( P & lt ; 0.0001 ) ; these betterment did non vary significantly between the 3 groups. All the groups show a similar good consequence. i Tyler TF, Nicholas SJ, Mullaney MJ. The function of hip musculus map in the intervention of patellofemoral hurting syndrome. This survey concluded that betterments in hip flexure strength combined with increased iliotibial set and iliopsoas flexibleness were associated with first-class consequences in patients with patellofemoral hurting syndrome. i Harmonizing to Muir KR ( 1999 ) . a individual plan of place quadriceps can significantly better ego reported articulatio genus hurting and map. i Cheng GL et Al in their survey conducted for four hebdomads intervention period, concluded that both TENS and isometric groups had important decrease in articulatio genus hurting. i Sheila O ‘ Reilly made a survey on 192 work forces and adult females with articulatio genus hurting. They were enrolled in a plan consisting of isometric and isosmotic exercisings of the quadriceps or thigh, utilizing a opposition set and they had important lessening in hurting ( 22.5 % ) and betterment in physical map ( 17.4 % ) . She besides stated that beef uping musculuss around an creaky articulation could back up the joint and cut down hurting. i Lam PL, NG QY, Activation of the quadriceps musculus during semi crouching with different hip and knee place in patients with anterior articulatio genus hurting, the survey shows that there was comparatively more activation of vastus medialis oblique than vastus lateralis at 40A ° of semi knee bend with hip medially rotated by 30A ° . i Herrington L. AL – Sherhi.A, A controlled test of weight bearing versus non weight bearing exercisings for patellofemoral hurting. This survey demonstrates that both weight – bearing and non weight bearing exercisings can significantly better subjective and clinical results in patients with PFPS. i Ng GY, Cheng JM, The effects of patellar taping on hurting and neuromuscular public presentation in topics with patellofemoral hurting syndrome. This survey states that there was a important lessening in anterior articulatio genus hurting ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) and vastus medialis obliques to vastus lateralis activity ratio ( P – 0.05 ) during individual legged standing after patellar tape. i Mark overington, BHSc ( Physio ) , Damain Gooddard, BhSc ( Physio ) . , A Critical assessment and literature review on the consequence of patellar tape, is patellar taping effectual in the patellofemoral hurting syndrome? This critical analysis has shown that patellar taping lessenings pain in the short term, may be utile as an adjunct to physiotherapy in long term i T.K. Amell, J.P. Stothart, S. Kumar, The effectivity of functional pes orthoses as a intervention for patellofemoral emphasis syndrome: A clients position. The consequences shows that orthotic usage is believed to be effectual in commanding the symptoms of PFPS. i Michael T. Gross, PT. Ph.D. , Jody L. Foxworth, PT, MS, OCS, The Role of pes orthoses as an intercession for patellofemoral hurting. The mechanism for pes orthoses holding a positive consequence on hurting and map for these patients. i Dr. Robert Topp assessed the hurting, map, abilities, knee joint proprioception, pace features and quadriceps strength of 135 participants utilizing randomized isometric strength preparation group and a dynamic strength preparation group for 16 hebdomad regimen and concluded that regular strength preparation could detain the oncoming of this painful disease and demand for surgery i Van Berr et Al, ( 1999 ) found that aerophilic exercising was more effectual than opposition exercising in cut downing hurting. There was modest betterment in disablement degree for patients randomized to aerobic exercising. i Michelle C. Boilig, MS, ATC. , et al. , Outcomes of a weight bearing rehabilitation plan for patients diagnosed with patellofemoral hurting syndrome. Subjects diagnosed with PFPS responded favorably and rapidly to a curative exercising plan that incorporated quadriceps and his muscular structure strengthening. i Catherine L. Mascal PT, B.Sc. , Robert Landel, DPT, OSC, Christopher power, PT, Ph..D. Management of Patellofemoral hurting Targeting the Hip, Pelvis and Trunk Muscle map: instance study. This instance study present 2 patients with PFP who demonstrated unnatural kinematics at the hip and who respond favourably to an exercising plan specifically aiming to Hip, Pelvis and trunk muscular structure.3.MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY3.1 METHODOLOGY3.1.1.STUDY DesignThe survey was conducted in the format of experimental pre-test, station trial survey design.3.1.2STUDY SettingThe survey was conducted in the section of physical medical specialty and rehabilitation, Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore-641044 under the supervising of usher incharge, College Of Physiotherapy, SRIPMS, Coimbatore.3.1.3SAMPLING20 Subject who fulfilled the undermentioned criterias were selected through simple random sampling and assigned to two groups of 10 each.CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION.I ) Inclusion standardsi Age be tween 25-35 old ages i Both males and females i Unilateral patellofemoral hurting syndrome and median rotator musculus weekness. i Anterior or retropatellar articulatio genus hurting reported during at least two of the undermentioned activities: rise and falling step, skiping and running, crouching, kneeling, and prolonged posing. i Insidious oncoming of symptoms non related to injuries. i Pain with compaction of kneecap. i Pain on tactual exploration of patellar aspects.two ) Exclusion CriteriaSymptoms nowadays for less than two months No history of old articulatio genus hurting Metallic element implants Fleshiness Diabetess Peripheral vascular disease Self reported clinical grounds of other articulatio genus pathology. Such as intra articular pathology, peripatellar tendonitis or bursitis, fold, disruptions or subluxations etc. Current important hurt impacting other lower appendage articulations. Subjects with any of the above said conditions were excluded from survey.Procedure:1. Group A:Subjects were treated with Hip median rotator and quadriceps beef uping exercisings and stretching.2. Group B:Subjects were treated with lone quadriceps beef uping exercisings and stretching. Both group received the place programme of stretching and beef uping exercisings ( SEE APPENDIX – Four )STUDY DURATIONThis survey is proposed to be carried out for the period of 6 monthsTREATMENT DURATIONGroup A:5 sets of 12 repeats per twenty-four hours 3 yearss per hebdomad for 4 hebdomadsGroup B:5 sets of 12 repeats per twenty-four hours 3 yearss per hebdomad for 4 hebdomadsParametersSubjective hurting strength during activities of day-to-day life measured with ocular parallel graduated table ( VAS ) . Functional activities measured with western Lake Ontario andmcmaster universities osteoarthritis index ( womac )3.2MATERIALS USEDOrthopedic rating chart Thera set Strengthening sofa Inch tape3.3 Statistical ToolThe consequences of the survey were analysed utilizing independent ‘t ‘ trial T = S = = Mean difference of the first group = Mean difference of the 2nd group = Number of samples in first group = Number of samples in 2nd group S = Combined criterion divergenceTREATMENT TECHNIQUESExercise FOR PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROMEStrengthening Exercises:1 ] Hip internal rotators beef upingthis exercising is performed with the patient standing in the exercising machine. Initially 5 sets of 12 repeats get downing with 9kg is done and later opposition is increased harmonizing to musculus weariness and hurting.2 ] Quadriceps Strengthening:A ] Isometricss: Position yourself as shown above. Keep your right leg straight for 10-20 seconds and so loosen up. Make the exercisings 5-10 times. B ] Straight Leg Raising: Position yourself as shown above. Raise your right leg several inches and keep it up for 5-10 seconds. Then lower your leg to the floor easy over a few seconds. Do the exercisings 5-10 times.3 ] Partial Knee bends:Stand with pess, shoulder width apart and toes somewhat turned out. Bend articulatio genuss from traveling in forepart toes. Squat every bit low as tolerable, intermission at lowest deepness and raise to get downing place. It can besides be done with back support on wall and with ball between 2 articulatio genuss.4 ] Step Up:Stand sideways with involved leg next to 3-6 † measure. Place involved pes on measure and easy raise organic structure weight with involved leg. Slowly lower organic structure back to get down place gently touching heel on land, so repetition by easy raising organic structure with involved leg. Repeat as by increasing repeat. Increase measure 2-3 † with repeat.Stretching Exercise1a ) Iliotibial Band Buttock Stretch: ( Right side ) .Position yourself as shown in the image. Writhe your bole to the right and utilize your left arm to â€Å" force † your right leg. You should experience the stretch in your right thigh. ( Hold the stretch for 10 to 20 seconds. Do the exercising 5 to 10 times ) .B ) Iliotibial Band Stretch: ( Left Side )Position yourself as shown below, with your right leg crossed in forepart of your left leg. Keep your custodies together and travel them toward the floor. You should experience a stretch in the outer portion of your left thigh. ( Hold the stretch for 10 to 20 seconds. Do the exercising 5 to 10 times. )2 ) . Hamstrings stretch:Liing in back and back uping thigh behind articulatio genus, easy straighten articulatio genus until a stretch is felt in the dorsum of the thigh. Keep it for 5 to 10 seconds. Repeat it for 5 to 10 times. The thigh may besides be supported on a wall.3 ) Quadriceps Stretch:Position with one manus on the wall and the other on the pes of the side to be stretched and the articulatio genus is flexed. Keep it for 5 to 10 seconds. Repeat it for 5 to 10 times. Can be performed with hip flexure and extension.4 ) Calf Stretch:Position against a wall with heel on the land to experience back of the leg stretch. Keep for 10 to 20 seconds. Do the exercisings 6 to 10 times.5 ) Hip And Buttock Stretch: ( Left Side )Position left over right leg and manus is placed over left articulatio genus draw the articulatio genus somewhat towards the patient while sitting up directly. Keep the place for 20 seconds and so rest for several seconds. Do the exercising for 6 times.6 ] Hip Adductor Stretch:Position in supine prevarication, with hip and articulatio genus flexure, and inquire the patient to kidnap the leg until the stretch felt. Keep it fo r 10-20 seconds, repetition it for 5-10 times.7 ] Hip external rotators Stretch:Gentle stretching of the hip in the way of median rotary motion is done with the patient in prone prevarication. Stretching is done with the hip in impersonal and knee flexed to 90 grade. The stretch force is held for 30 seconds and repeated for 3 times.4. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSISGROUP – A ( VAS )S.NoPRE – TrialPOST -TESTDifference7 2 5 6 1 5 5 2 3 8 3 5 4 1 3 5 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 5 5 1 4 6 1 5 Mean 6.1 1.7 4.4GROUP – B ( VAS )S.NoPRE – TrialPOST -TESTDifference7 3 4 5 2 3 7 4 3 8 4 4 6 3 3 5 2 3 7 3 4 7 3 4 5 3 2 5 1 4 Mean 6.2 2.8 3.4VesselGroupMEAN VALUECALULATED â€Å" T † ValueTable â€Å" T † ValuePRE – TrialPOST -TESTSouth dakotaA 6.1 1.7 1.46 2.888 0.01 Bacillus 6.2 2.8 1.33GROUP – A ( WOMAC )S.NoPRE – TrialPOST -TESTDifference35 27 8 37 27 10 41 31 10 39 30 9 42 33 9 35 28 7 43 35 8 40 31 11 35 26 9 38 31 7Mean38.6 29.9 8.8GROUP – B ( WOMAC )S.NoPRE – TrialPOST -TESTDifference38 29 9 40 32 8 38 31 7 40 33 7 42 35 7 36 30 6 40 31 9 30 22 8 35 28 7 40 34 6Mean37.9 30.5 7.4WOMACGroupMEAN VALUECALWLATD â€Å" T † ValueTable â€Å" T † ValuePRE – TrialPOST -TESTSouth dakotaA38.6 29.9 1.32 2.606 0.05Bacillus37.9 30.5 1.07DiscussionThis survey was done to happen out the effectivity of hip median rotator and quadriceps musculus beef uping in patients with patello femoral hurting syndrome. Twenty patients who had PFPS for continuance of atleast two months participated in this survey. They were indiscriminately allocated to one of the two intervention groups. Group I received hep median rotator and quadriceps musculus beef uping plan and Group II received merely Knee quadriceps musculus beef uping plan. Patients were evaluated after two months of intervention and all patients completed the survey. The statistical analysis performed between Group I and Group II showed the undermentioned result. VAS mark showed the average betterment of 3.4 and 4.4 of hip median rotator and quadriceps musculus beef uping group severally. The statistical analysis performed between Group I and Group II showed the undermentioned result. WOMAC mark showed the average betterment of 7.4 and 8.8 of median rotator and quadriceps musculus beef uping group severally. The independent ‘t ‘ trial was performed to analyze the consequences. For VAS the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 5.84 which is more than the table value of 2.101 in conformity to the degree of significance of 0.05, at 18 grades of freedom. The result is considered to be important prefering the rejection of void hypothesis. For WOMAC the calculated't ‘ value is 2.606 which is more than the table value 2.101. The result is considered to be important prefering the rejection of void hypothesis Therefore, â€Å" There is a important difference in decrease of hurting on utilizing hep median rotator and quadriceps musculus beef uping patients with PFPS. The consequences showed important decrease in hurting degree with both rehabilitation plan but the hip median rotator and quadriceps musculus beef uping showed greater diagnostic recovery than the knee quadriceps beef uping. Hence, based on the ‘t ‘ value, it is clear that there is a important difference between two beef uping programmes. A restriction of our survey is that merely one-sided patello fermoral hurting syndrome was taken for the survey.DecisionBased on the consequences of our survey, it is clear that hip median rotator and quadriceps musculus beef uping howed greater diagnostic recovery than the knee quadriceps beef uping plan entirely. This suggests that the implicit in cause of patellofemoral hurting in certain persons may non be restricted to the patellofemoral articulation. From this survey it is suggested that hip median rotator and quadriceps musculus strengthening is more good to patients with patellofemoral hurting syndrome. Since it is a clip edge survey, survey with the larger sample size and long term follow- up can be done in hereafter.

Measuring Crime Essay

There are two different instruments used in reporting crime. There are also major crimes reporting program used in the United States. These major crime reporting programs do have a purpose and does give statistical information on crime in the United States. There are a difference between crime rates, arrest rates, clearance rates, and recidivism rates. The information reported about crime rates can be misleading and give inaccurate information about the crime rate in the United States. Crime and recidivism statistics can both give some important about crime in the United States. Instruments used to measure crime There are different ways that crime is reported in the United States. The media reports crime and influence society perception of crime (Schmalleger, 2011). This sometimes causes public opinion on crime unrealistic (Schmalleger, 2011). Statistic data provides a better view on the amount of crime occurring than what is reported by the news media. The statistic reports are not as accurate as society would want, but it still gives a better understanding of the amount of crimes, types of crimes and also the frequency of those crimes than the news media. People who are the victims of a crime are the ones who report the crime and allow the crimes to be placed in a crime database (Schmalleger, 2011). Major crime reporting programs The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are the two major reporting of crime programs used in reporting crime in the United States (Schmalleger, 2011). Crime is computed by adding the major crimes reported to the police. The police report these crimes to the F.B.I who publishes the findings in the UCR. The UCR provides an annual report of incidents and rate of the reported crime that occurs throughout the United States (Schmalleger, 2011). The UCR program created a crime index to create a comparison over time. The index contains seven major offenses. These offenses are robbery, murder, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft gives the result of crime based on the population (Schmalleger, 2011). The UCR also reports victimless crimes to the F.B.I. The NCVS is designed to report an estimate occurrence of all crimes in the United States (Schmalleger, 2011). The NCVS shows the amount of different victimized crimes not reported to the law enforcement. NCVS provides information about crimes collected from individuals and households, who have suffered from crimes whether the crimes have been reported or not to authorities (Schmalleger, 2011). Both UCR and NCVS serve the same purpose. This purpose is to report and keep track of the crime reported in the United States each year to law enforcement agencies (Schmalleger, 2011). It is a way of keeping crime statistics so law enforcement agencies can develop ways to manage crime in different areas. These reports also provide the areas where crime rates are higher than other and what type of crimes are high in a certain area. Crime rates, arrest rates, clearance rates, and recidivism rates Crime rates and arrest rates are difficult for a law enforcement agency to produce to the high volume of calls received. Some examples of calls that do not require an arrest include lost pets, individuals needing medical assistance, and noise complaints. Each agency must make an organized effort to make contact with the individuals making the calls with high and low priority due to the unseen or unreported information at the caller’s location. The law enforcement community has also created an organization devoted to crime reports known as the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) data is based on law enforcement agencies (Schmalleger, F. 2011, p. 3). Clearance rates are defined as cases that have been solved. Many times if an arrest was made then the case has been cleared. Some case are never cleared one example, if an offender commits a murder and he or she is found dead or flees the country before an arrest is made the data does not go into the cleared category. Recidivism rates are directly related to the quality of life after an offender is released from prison. Many offenders repeat crime related offenses due to the addiction of drugs. At times serious pathological offenders create a threat to the community therefore recidivism rates are often used in determining the punishment required for the offender. Myth v. Reality Crime rates can be deceiving according to information form (Criminal Justice Video, 2013). Crime rates are based on different factors including the type of crime, the type of offender, also the place a crime is committed. In late 1990’s property crimes had decreased, today property crimes are suspected to rise due to a slow economy. Another factor leading to the deception of crime rates is based on the type of offender; including the increase of juvenile crime. Also affecting the crime rate according to Criminal Justice Video, (2013) are change in policies and mandatory laws that take effect. Crime rates relate to arrest rates in the fact that both are based on the unit of the population; per 100,000 of the population, Schmalleger, F. (2011). The crime index is a tool used to determine the amount of crime in an area; the index is effective however, it does not provide accurate numbers of crime committed. Updated Uniform Crime Reporting, (UCR) programs can help support the number of crimes committed also helps determine the types of crime. One solution for correlation between crime rates, arrest rates, and clearance rates can be to keep data updated. Updated data is the reporting of all arrests, and criminal behaviors also dropped charges. If data is continually up dated a system can be used to compare information on specific crimes helping to determine different aspects of crimes and arrests. Crime and recidivism statistics Crime rates did increased since the early 1970’s in many major states as the baby boomers became young adults. Most crime are being committed by today’s young males because of the higher population, the best way to eliminate crime is the eliminate poverty, because poverty breeds crime. Crime is very high in African –Americans due to they are unemployed or being a single parent and doing what he/she has to do to survive or provide for their families. The crimes that are committed by the young adults may have been seen as a child while they were growing up or maybe that is what they were taught to do. It is estimated that sociopaths who are prone to commit crimes, because they are incapable of feeling remorse or empathize with other’s pain, comprise about 3-4% of the male population, and between 33% and 80% of chronic criminals offenders. Some females may shoplift to support their drug habit, and this means that everyone is a victim especially their family members. Conclusion Although there may be changes of crime statistics but not changes in the crime rate, crime can be measured in numerous ways because of all of the numerous ways crime can be measured. The National Crime Victimization Survey and Uniform Crime Reports are both reliable systems but still leave the â€Å"dark figure of crime† because of the crimes that go unreported. Reference Criminal Justice Video, (2013). Myth v. Reality. Pearson Custom Publishing Retrieved from: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/pcp/pcp_94869_mutchnick_cj_uop/chapter1/ch1_mvr/index.html Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the 21st century (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Handling Technical Terms in Business Writing

Handling Technical Terms in Business Writing As we all know, tech is everywhere you look today – from i-pods to cell phones and Bluetooth, to digital video games, to complex computer systems, and even digital special effects at the movies. Technical writing is everywhere too, often embedded in the most casual e-mails and memos and the presentations that many of us have to create at work. Unfortunately, many of us are not as technically savvy in technical writing as wed like to be. Good business writers without much technical writing training are more common today than writers with a lot of technical writing experience. We know how to write a clear business memo or a transition letter or a simple email. Most of us can create a simple PowerPoint presentation, but when it comes to handling really complex technical text, we get nervous. Yet more and more, especially with globalization, we find ourselves having to be technical writers in our professional communication, and we dont feel as comfortable creating this kind of mat erial as wed like.If you dont have a technical degree or practical experience writing documentation and manuals for tech gadgets and suddenly you have to explain something technical to a colleague or to your supervisor in writing, what do you do? Whats the best way to handle the technical writing that you may have to include in your documents? What pitfalls do you need to watch out for to avoid disaster and maybe even unpleasant embarrassment?There are three major concepts to remember when youre dealing with technical copy. The first is your audience or your readers, the second is terminology, especially secondary terminology, and the third is visuals. Learn how to handle these three aspects effectively, and youll avoid at least some the pitfalls that can await you. Youll be in a better position to handle a complex project or help a colleague when your team has a technical document to complete.Always think of your audience first. Who is going to read your technical text? Will it be an engineer with a lot of background in the topic or your CEO who hasnt got a clue about technical terminology and only wants to know the big picture and the bottom line?Once you know your primary readership, focus your material appropriately and include the detail that is necessary for a clear comprehension of any technical ideas or processes.. Write more in narrative style and explain, explain, explain, and then maybe just explain again. If your audience is a technical department, keep in mind that different departments regularly use their own technical phrases or acronyms for their own areas of expertise, and edit accordingly. Include more explanations and definitions and maybe a glossary, and avoid shorthand phrasing and references. On the other hand, if the document will only be circulated in your own department or division internally, you can be more concise and include some abbreviated phrasing that will most likely be recognized by everyone because theyre familiar with the l anguage on a daily basis.Next, think terminology. Right along with the above advice about the audience is practical advice regarding the use of terminology. Most people who write technical documents know they have to explain the terms that reference any technical concepts and do so, although sometimes not as clearly as some readers might expect. However, the real problem occurs with secondary terminology pops its head up in a document. Secondary terminology is often ignored because few understand it, namely that the words or terms that you use to define primary terms you mention in a document are just as important, maybe even more important, than the original language.Why is that? The answer is simple. If you are trying to learn a process or understand a complex technical concept, and come across a term that is key to that understanding, you dont want that term defined with another term that you have never heard of or is not defined anywhere. You want the secondary term also defined clearly, so you can understand the first term and then be able to do the task or learn the process. Forgetting to define secondary terminology is a common mistake in technical writing. The writer simply often assumes that you will understand the complex term that youre using to explain another complex term, but of course, you dont. Youre immediately lost and cant follow the context.So whats the solution to this confusion? Always check your document for terms you use to define other terms. Then make sure that the secondary terms are clearly explained or footnoted in language that a non-technical audience will understand. If you are preparing a document for an expert audience, always be aware that there may be readers that are NOT experts and make appropriate allowances either through easy-to-understand footnotes or a glossary of important secondary terms that are defined separately from the main document, but easily available to any reader who is not as well versed in the technology . In that way, a CFO, or a CEO, or an administrative staff member can review the same document without feeling out of touch with an important project or task.Always review a technical document to make sure youre not defining an important term with another term that is vague or undefined. Also watch out for circular discussion that uses undefined terminology to explain concepts or processes, and avoid defining ANY term using only the original term. The goal of technical writing is clarity and more clarity. A technical term should always be precisely presented even when you think that clarity is not needed. Check again and then again to make sure. Doing so will save a lot of confusion, money, and sometimes even injury.Finally, we come to an intriguing and useful aspect of technical writing – use of visuals. Visuals are wonderful adjuncts to text in technical writing because visuals can explain with a picture what it might take a writer 500 words to explain in text. However, it is also important to remember that visuals should never stand in isolation within a document. You must integrate each visual clearly and precisely into what you are discussing in the text. You must introduce a visual clearly, indicate its purpose precisely, present it with a caption that relates it to its purpose and the text, and then integrate the concept presented via the visual in the following text. Otherwise, a visual can be stuck in no mans land and have no significance. It will be ignored. The valuable information contained in the visual may be passed over, and the text that follows may not be clear either. A visual is a vital part of a technical piece of writing, not just an addendum that can be slapped on as an afterthought. Always review your document to see how your visuals interface with your text and review the placement of all visuals to make sure they add to the meaning of your document and not simply detract from it.If you remember these three aspects of technical w riting and use them as useful techniques for the technical writing you need to do on the job, your communication will be more precise and clearly communicated to technical and non-technical readers alike. A bonus will be that you will be seen as a good communicator by all your colleagues, and that reward will be a solid boost for your career.

Erik Peterson integrative case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Erik Peterson integrative analysis - Case Study Example This lead to conflicts especially because some team members did not like seeing others progress. A case in point was between Wescott and Burns. They always had issues within themselves since Wescott never appreciated Burns ideas and suggestions. Green did not see Peterson as capable of meeting the demands of the task, Cantor considered Peterson as misinformed. These two attitudes from Green and Carton made Peterson avoid interfering with their work on KOL though KOL meant a lot to his marketing mandate. Working with an inexperienced team Andrew lack of flexibility and resourcefulness was a major drawback for Peterson especially now that he needed an individual he could rely on in the operations docket. This made Peterson to be derailed in delivering Biometra device within the given timeline. Lack of procedures and policies There were no clear structures on salary increment and promotion in SciMat. Having been given a general management position without experience in management caused him resentment from his managers like Andrew and Miczek who had more experience than he did. Lack of policies and procedures on salary increment also lead to Miczeks and Wescott salary problems. This set Peterson at an uncomfortable situation as he tried to work on standardizing the salaries. External problems Operating problems The relationship between Biometra and key opinion leaders was dependent on potential early adopters. This was a high-risk that was later felt when management turnover created uneasiness among the targeted KOL who feared being associated with any potential issues that could ruin their reputation. The Vice president’s derailed operation was also a problem to Peterson since it risked him loosing the KOLs he... The paper describes how effective has Peterson been in taking charge of the Hanover startup in terms of managing the new operation amd of providing leadership. It also shows what actions should Peterson take to turn the situation around and prepare for his meeting with Chip Knight. Human resources management is mandated with the task of hiring, firing, promoting, and creating salary structures. However, in SciMat it seems like any manger can perform the four mentioned HR duties as they so wish. This was the main cause of salary and promotion issues that Peterson faced as a General Manger. There was no clear policy and procedure to be taken when promoting an employee and increasing an employee’s salary. The same cause lead to a people owning positions they did not have deserve in terms of their qualifications. This caused some subordinates to work under people who could not give them proper guidance on what was expected of them.

Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Strategic Marketing - Essay Example The organization needs to collect more information related with the trends and practices undertaken within a new market so that it can be familiarize with the new market. (2) Export modes (agents): In this stage, the company finds a local strategic partner or local distributer that can provide efficient and substantial information about the new market. In this stage, a base for being international is prepared (Onkvisit, and Shaw, 15). (3) Establishment of a foreign sales subsidiary: This is the stage in which the company has achieved wider knowledge about the business conditions of the foreign country. With the help of this knowledge and information, the company opens its new sales subsidiary in the concerned destination, and starts a direct business unit within a new country. This is the most crucial stages of the process of internationalization which will allow the organization get firmly established within the foreign country. (4) Establishment of production or manufacturing unit: In this stage, the company establishes its production or manufacturing unit in a new country for the purpose minimizing costs of production. In this stage of the process, the company uses local resources, man power, and talent (Gimbert, 173). With the help of such primary stages, the company can become international and global. In order to be global, the company has to take some crucial decisions which cast a direct impact over the viability of different stages of internationalization. These main decisions are: Decision of going international In these decisions, the company decides whether to go in international market or stay in domestic market. Decision regarding selection of the target market The company has also needs to select the destination in which, it wants to expand its business. Decision regarding selection of the mode of entry in target market The organization also has to made decision about the method with the help of which, it is planning to get entered into the new m arket. Decision of selecting the most appropriate marketing channel and communication tools in the new market The company also needs to take decision whether it should adopt the standard marketing mix or go for modified marketing mix as per the demand of the country. Decision for adapting the most suitable strategic position of the organization within the market The organization needs to have a particular trade position within the market in terms of having compliance with trade policies, other organizations and so on. These all the decisions affect internationalization process at different stages. These all the decisions are strategic by nature which has long term impact over sustainability of the organization. Every activity or process undertaken by the organization is directly influenced by such different types of business decisions. At different stages of internationalization, the organization requires performing a different set of tasks. The decisions undertaken by organization changes or modifies the way of working and accomplishing business operations effectively, which impact over the outcome of any practice directly (European International Business Academy, 25). In this way, decisions undertaken by the organization are directly aligned with successful completion of different stages of internationalization. Answer 2: Marketing channel Marketing channel can be considered as a process and step wise approach undertaken by producer and