Implementing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essays

Executing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essays Executing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essay Executing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essay The West Coast City is known for excellent nature landscape and grant winning urban arranging. Lamentably, same as other urban areas, the City likewise is encountering social issues moreover. As of late open Council endorsed new usage of an economical and moral buying strategy. Maintainable and moral buying considers the wellbeing and social effects of the merchandise and enterprises being bought, moral (e. G. No perspiration shop, reasonable exchange), socially capable (e. G. Human rights, wellbeing and security in work environment) acquirement and encouraging financial turn of events (e. G. Desirable over neighborhood provider under read understandings). City supervisor has communicated incredible worry of no other benchmark accessible, budgetary effect on the Citys spending plan and the Supply Management groups constrained working information. Since the help from key inside partners is basic to accomplishment of the approach, the executing undertaking will focus its endeavors on connecting with them. To answer these worries propose to enlist outsider counseling firm, participate current provider and possible new qualified provider to survey money related effect and create instruments and procedure that would not increment authoritative and budgetary weights on the City and providers. This report will examine this in more detail. actualizing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Case Report page 2 Issue Identification Immediate Issue The city needs to discover qualified staff, build up the approach and limit cost sway. Foundational Issues Problem 1: Limited working information and lacking of staffs with ability - ? The City doesnt have legitimate setting up assets with aptitude and hasnt done any benchmarking. Issue 2: The dread of cost increment Often buying in a moral manner may bring about extra expenses to a business when contrasted and other people who may not do in an equivalent manner. Issue 3: Execution course of events has been set up preceding full evaluation Of extension. half year to affirm strategy, 1 year to actualize the main period of fabrics acquisition from moral source and 2 years to extend it to City-wide. Page 3 Environmental Root Cause Analysis Qualitative Analysis The City Manager of the Supply Management group has little understanding of moral buying. Absence of setting up assets with mastery in the region of maintainability. Need cost sway examination of staff financial plan. The new proposed arrangement would require buying FT espresso which will build the expense somewhere in the range of 15 and 20 percent of $150,000. Page 4 Alternatives There are a few vital choices that should be considered so as to completely address the issues. Choice 1 Increase staffing spending plan and recruit the feasible and moral buying specialists. Geniuses: Secure changeless subject specialists. Acquisition forms time remains nearby to current because of increment of staff. Could make extra pressure the current staffing spending plan. May need to take staffing spending plan from other City divisions to make a reserve to help new staffs. Cons: Option 2 Hire outsider counseling firm and compose co-pop program with providers. Experts: Learn and actualize the best practice rapidly. Provider can share their assets to bring down authoritative overhead. Early provider association would give them an opportunity to get ready for the new changes. It would permit provider to discover interchange sources that are ethnically dependable. Owe introductory expense on the grounds that the City doesnt need to employ new staffs. Still need to discover a reserve to employ counseling firm. Providers could impact the execution contrarily. Suggestion suggest the subsequent choice. The City has little understanding of new buy strategy so it is basic to include industry specialists to create usage plan. Right hand purchaser and regulate from City Inventory Appropriation branch would turn into a certified staff without high new staffing cost. They know about existing with buy process. It would give knowledge of City process and new buying arrangement to new supportability pros. Provider Implementing New acquirement strategies in the open Sector Case Report page 5 cooperation in beginning time of execution is basic. Providers have sourcing system as of now that could be used to discover moral fabricates. Finding new providers isnt in every case simple and working up new relationship requires endeavors and time. It would make another overhead weight to the reject. Feasible and moral buying needs to expand the advantages for themselves, accomplices and people groups in City. To keep negative impact from providers, Supply anchor chief needs to audit providers inputs cautiously and direct them. Page 6 Recommendation Implementation Plan Implementation would . Component Description Responsibility Timeline Search and recruit outsider counseling Task power group 1-?multi month Establish new buy strategy 1-2 months Present new buy strategy to Supply chain director multi month provider City Manager Hold hearing and get endorsement from Create co-pop group with providers 3 months Find moral makes and a half year arrange costs Co-pop group Roll out eliminate 1 fabric Roll stage 2 two years firms open Council City chief page 7 Monitor and Control The new buying approach execution progress ought to be checked ideal. Propose each 2. 5 weeks. Some of errands must be done in a month, this mid-point check is basic to deal with any deferrals or changes. There are three perspectives to the screen and control. The first is spending overhead, the subsequent one is usage progress and the third one is Supply accessibility and moderateness. On the off chance that spending overhead is beneath 5% 4 million, it

Billy liar

Billy liar-english Essay Distinguish the primary subjects in Billy Liar by concentrating on separates including Billy and his dad. As an executive, in what manner may you work with your entertainers to empower them to comprehend and pass on these topics all the more fully? Billy Liar by Willis Hall and Keith Waterhouse was written in 1959. It was adjusted from the novel composed by Keith Waterhouse. The play Billy Liar is set during the 1950s, a dreary, dull decade, following the Second World War. People groups lives were drab and dull; things were high contrast. Not many individuals had TV, and most were engaged by the radio. The play Billy Liar is set in a modest community, which mirrored the boringness of the time and the way that there was nothing for young people to do. At the time where the play is set, England was poor, this was a discouraging time for its residents. Adolescent culture was non existent in the mid 1950s. There was nothing of the sort as adolescent style or high school music. The adolescents would basically mirror the style and music that their folks enjoyed. Young people were relied upon to be seen and not heard, they would do precisely what a senior let them know beyond a shadow of a doubt. Noting your folks back was absolutely not feasible and incomprehensible. Adolescents wouldnt set out to scrutinize their folks, as there would be not kidding outcomes. Adolescents wore precisely what their folks wore, and tuned in to a similar music as their folks. During the late 1950s came a period of progress. Elvis acquainted Rock and Roll with the youngsters, and this connoted the beginning of the high school revolt. Alongside him, Elvis achieved young style and high school music. This is the point at which the young people previously began gaining out of power. They began to dress diversely and build up their own style, yet the vast majority of all, they began to reply back their folks and question them, and no longer did they satisfy their hopes of being seen and not heard. They would get back home late, and disregard their folks wishes. This was a high school insubordination. This all paves the way to an age hole, between Billy Fisher and his dad, Geoffrey Fisher. There is proof of this age hole, from Billys entrance, in Act 1, to Geoffreys exit. One of the primary subjects of the play is the age hole and how it mirrors the conflicts of age among Billy and his dad. Billy carries on in the direct inverse manner that his dad might want him to. Billy gets significantly more opportunity than his dad had at his age and Billy had superior training, and Geoffrey doesnt believe that Billy acknowledges it. Billy is persistently lying and often takes things that dont have a place with him. Billy is totally inconsistent and can't be trusted. Billys lying is one of the fundamental driver of the grinding among Billy and his dad. Geoffrey is extremely unfriendly towards Billy. Geoffrey Fisher is a lower working class character, who has a carport business. He is forceful. He is threatening and cold towards Billy, and he utilizes the word bleeding a ton, anyway he possibly will in general use it while tending to Billy. He talks in short sharp sentences, and gives no grace or delicateness, and he lacks the capacity to deal with Billy. He yells visit requests at Billy. Geoffrey is additionally mocking about Billy; for example in Act 1 scene 1 Geoffrey says wheres his wicked lordship at that point? Billy is 19 years of age. He has at any rate 3 lady friends and he is a womanizer a guide to show this, is the point at which he says Im not customary people, regardless of whether she is. He is an insubordinate, apathetic adolescent, who fantasizes a great deal and causes things to up. Billy needs to make his life all the more energizing and does as such by, ceaselessly lying and fantasizing, Geoffrey truly despises Billy lying, as it baffles him. Billy incites his dad to be forceful, by noting him back with mockery, additionally Billys cutthroat demeanor and rehashed mockery, wraps up his dad too. Billy utilizes long sentences and overstates things. In Act 1 scene1 Billy says your hireling maam. This is a genuine case of Billys mockery, and it shows that Billy is snide and saucy at some random chance.

SIPASA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPASA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Anesa Diaz-Uda, a second-year MPA student contributed the following post. _____________________ The SIPA education extends beyond the classroom, and students can find a plethora of student groups and extracurricular activities to meet their many interests and passions.   The student group charged with overseeing these forums and events is the SIPA Student Association (SIPASA). “SIPASA represents the diverse interests of students on a school-wide basis. It serves as a liaison between the student body and administration and enhances the quality of life of the SIPA student body through the promotion of social activities which occur during orientation and throughout the year. Moreover, SIPASA supports student initiatives sponsored by other groups at SIPA, promotes community outreach, and represents the student body in regard to curriculum issues through the Committee on Instruction, semi-annual town meetings, and semi-annual open forums.” Some of the work the Board is most proud of accomplishing this year is: improvements at Alice’s Café on the 6th floor of IAB â€" namely a greater variety of food with more vegetarian options; a very efficient and transparent budget process for student groups; the removal of computers from the 6th floor lounge to create more social space for students; and the adoption of the new email addresses for all students (ie. jdoe2010@sipa.columbia.edu). My SIPA experience has been thoroughly enriched by my involvement in SIPASA.   This past year I was the MPA Internal Affairs Chair, and in this role I acted as basically the manager of SIPASA.   I won’t lie, it was a lot of work, but it was also a lot of fun.   My tasks were as diverse as: meeting with various deans regarding student life; coordinating locker sales for students; assisting in the planning of orientation; helping throw parties for the student body; and most recently running elections for the incoming board.

Did Greek Practitioners Reject Islamic Ideas on Medicine Free Essay Example, 1500 words

As the paper states, it was not the texts on Islamic medicines were translated into Greek texts in the 7th century but the other way around. However, as time goes by, Greek practitioners were able to begin to trust the medical compilations by Islam even if some of them were still influenced by Islamic culture, tradition, and beliefs. The most important for Greeks was the whole idea of it still followed the basic of humoural medicine. In fact, the discovery of chickenpox was credited to an Arab and the explanation of the disease was based on the concept of humoural medicine. One thing for sure that was totally rejected by Greek practitioners when it comes to Islamic ideas on medicine was when it comes to Islamic beliefs and traditions. This was able to work out for as long as all of those ideas on Islamic medicines that were accepted by Greek practitioners were all related to humoural medicine. However, there was another important contribution of Islamic ideas on medicine to Greek me dicine. One of them is the use of drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Did Greek Practitioners Reject Islamic Ideas on Medicine or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The result of this translation was very significant. The newly translated Greek and Arabic medical writings provided European scholars with a much more sophisticated form of humoural medicine compared to the old existing one. The combined efforts among Greek practitioners and Islamic practitioners on medicine provided more detailed information in order to make enhancement and refinement on the idea of humoural medicine.

Home Is Tony Morrison s Fictional Account Of A Korean War

Home is Tony Morrison’s fictional account of a Korean War veteran’s experiences after returning to America. The veteran, Frank Money, faces particular challenges because he is a black man in 1950s America. Frank is attempting to return to his home state of Georgia in order to save his little sister, Cee, from danger. Along the way he faces the pitfalls of being a black man and a veteran. By writing from multiple perspectives, Morrison is able to compare Frank’s experience to that of other black people in America, especially Cee’s. By the end of the novel, Frank and Cee have experienced an arc of redemption and self-realization. Home displays the dual trauma experienced from American war and racism. The comparison of Cee’s story with Frank’s solidifies the trauma of both their situations. Frank deals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by watching his friends die and killing a young Korean girl. With PTSD come alcoholism, unemplo yment, and homelessness. This is typical of the awful experiences we know veterans go through. Simultaneously, Frank faces racism upon his return home and throughout his travels. He needs to know specific black-friendly homes and businesses in order to have ways to eat, stay, and move across the country, otherwise facing persecution from white people he encounters. Often, Frank can’t even avoid racist violence, such as when he was pulled into a fight with a man in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Cee experiences just as many traumatic events as

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Thirty-Two Free Essays

string(178) " us she could disappear\?† â€Å"Even if I had known, what good would it have done to tell you\? Could you have prevented the disappearance\?† I rubbed my forehead\." â€Å"You’re dead,† I said, echoing the protests of my dream, which, in retrospect, appeared to have been a vision. â€Å"Not quite.† â€Å"I ripped out your throat. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Thirty-Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"Not completely.† â€Å"You healed.† â€Å"I’m very old.† Billy smiled, and the expression was more frightening than a scowl. â€Å"I can heal just about anything. Except silver. Which is something we have in common. I always wondered what it was about you that bothered me.† He’d found some clothes – Lord knows where since there weren’t any outlets for the big and tall in this neck of the woods. The jeans and sweatshirt almost made him appear normal. Almost. A single glance into his eyes and no one would mistake Billy Bailey for anything other than an escaped lunatic. â€Å"Thor, the Thunder God,† Nic murmured. Double damn. Had the old woman seen Billy? If I’d known that, I could have exited Fairhaven screaming a long time ago. â€Å"Toss your weapon into the trees,† Billy ordered. Nic complied, and Billy shoved Edward forward so he could keep the gun trained on all three of us. I didn’t care for his expression when he glanced at Nic. â€Å"You’re screwing my girl,† Billy murmured. â€Å"I don’t like it.† I froze as all of the horrible things Billy planned to do to me when he got out of his cell flooded my mind. I needed to kill him, really kill him, and quick. â€Å"Mandenauer.† Edward, who’d been inching toward the rifle propped against the rear bumper of the Cadillac, stopped. I managed to sidle in front of Nic while Billy’s attention was on my boss. Billy didn’t want me dead. Not yet. But I had a feeling he wouldn’t feel the same way about the others. Though why he hadn’t just shot them first and done his talking later, I wasn’t sure, and I didn’t plan to ask. â€Å"If you don’t want a taste of what you’ve served up so freely,† Billy continued, â€Å"you’ll move far away from that gun.† Edward scowled but did as he was told. Unfortunately, he arrived at my side talking. â€Å"You didn’t make sure he was dead, then burn the body? Have you learned nothing?† â€Å"Guess not,† Billy murmured. I still couldn’t find my voice through the fear. â€Å"You’re the werewolf in human form,† Nic said. â€Å"You killed all those people.† â€Å"Actually, that was her.† Billy jerked a thumb in Lydia’s direction. â€Å"Except for Basil. That was me.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"He tried to shoot Dr. Hanover.† Billy’s eyes narrowed on Lydia. If that gaze had been fixed in my direction, I certainly wouldn’t have tossed my head and shrugged. Why wasn’t Lydia afraid of him? â€Å"You promised I could have her when you were through,† he said. â€Å"That was our deal.† â€Å"True.† Lydia examined her fingernails. † But I never promised she’d be alive.† Billy growled and the hair on my arms lifted. â€Å"He’s really very good.† Lydia glanced at me. â€Å"If you like your sex extremely rough.† Something wasn’t adding up, but I was still too frightened to do the math. â€Å"Don’t look so scared. You’ll be dead by then.† Lydia returned her attention to Billy. â€Å"I didn’t think you’d mind.† â€Å"We’ve discussed this.† He gave a long-suffering sigh. â€Å"I fuck her until she dies, and then I do it some more. A deal is a deal.† â€Å"That just isn’t going to work for me. Sorry.† Billy swung the gun in her direction, and Lydia disappeared. Nic and I stood gaping at the place where she’d been an instant before. â€Å"I hate it when she does that,† Billy muttered. Edward had been creeping forward while Billy’s attention was elsewhere. Almost as an afterthought, Billy’s elbow shot out and clipped the old man in the mouth. Edward’s head snapped back and he fell to the ground, but he didn’t pass out. Sometimes I wondered if Edward was human himself. Billy shifted his icy stare to mine. â€Å"Soon, Doctor. Remember everything I ever told you.† Black spots danced in front of my eyes. When they went away, so had Billy. Nic was at my side. I couldn’t help it, I turned my face into his neck and hid. Even with ancient Ojibwe women buried in shallow graves, murder, mayhem, and a ghost wolf army on the rise, the world had still been a much cheerier place without Billy in it. â€Å"I’m okay.† I’d found my voice. Hallelujah. So why wasn’t I screaming mindlessly until someone locked me in a nice, safe, impenetrable white room? Because having Nic here helped more than I would have imagined. He was steady and sane – which put him two steps ahead of Billy. Sadly, Billy was about two hundred steps ahead when it came to strength and power. We just couldn’t win. I took a deep whiff of Nic’s scent, trying to clear any remnant of Billy’s. Then I brushed my lips against his chin and lifted my head. Nic gazed at me with concern. â€Å"So that was Billy Bailey,† he said. â€Å"Creepy son of a bitch.† â€Å"Let’s kill him.† Edward struggled to his feet. â€Å"You neglected to mention that Gypsies have superpowers, too.† I looked at Nic. â€Å"That I did not know.† â€Å"It explains how she found out about you.† â€Å"How?† My mind wasn’t keeping up very well – too full of Billy. â€Å"If she can disappear and appear at will, she could know anything.† I saw Nic’s point. Lydia didn’t need to tap our phones or pay our enemies for information. All she had to do was become invisible and walk inside the compound. â€Å"Why didn’t she kill me before now?† â€Å"She needed you here for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nic shrugged. â€Å"Something?† ‘Terrific.† I glanced at Edward. â€Å"So explain why Gypsies have superpowers.† â€Å"Most do not.† â€Å"Did she, or did she not, just go poof?† â€Å"She did.† He sighed. â€Å"Lydia is not only a Gypsy but a witch.† â€Å"Witch?† Nic asked. â€Å"Since when are there witches?† He turned to me. â€Å"Did you know there were witches?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And you didn’t tell me?† â€Å"You want a rundown on every supernatural creature we’ve encountered?† He thought a minute, then said, â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"If we’re still alive next week, remind me to make you a list.† I turned my ire on Edward. â€Å"Why didn’t you tell us she could disappear?† â€Å"Even if I had known, what good would it have done to tell you? Could you have prevented the disappearance?† I rubbed my forehead. â€Å"What do you know about her?† If I focused on Lydia, maybe I’d quit seeing Billy’s eyes fixed on me. I doubted it, but anything was worth a try. â€Å"Her grandmother was removed from one of the death camps and sent to Mengele.† â€Å"Her grandfather?† â€Å"Was also at the laboratory in the Black Forest.† â€Å"And then?† â€Å"They were released, along with the werewolf army.† â€Å"That’s all?† He shrugged. â€Å"Witches are hard to identify. They do not sprout tails. They do not suck blood. They do not rise from their graves. They are just magic.† Just? â€Å"Does anyone find it odd that the usual familiar helps a witch, but a werewolf familiar is a witch?† Nic pointed out. â€Å"Not all Gypsies are witches,† Edward said. â€Å"Only the pure have magic – witches for want of a better term. Mengele used that blood to concoct his werewolves.† â€Å"Magic Gypsy witch blood to make werewolves,† I muttered. I did remember something about that in my notes, but since I’d doubted it would help me find a cure, I’d pushed the information to the back of my mind. â€Å"Where did you meet Lydia?† â€Å"I was acquainted with her grandmother.† Something flickered in Edward’s eyes, and he looked away. How well had he known the woman? I considered the suspicion. Edward could no more have an affair with a werewolf familiar than he could †¦ what? Employ a werewolf? â€Å"You didn’t think it was a good idea to keep track of these people?† I asked. â€Å"Of course. But as they are magic, they have a habit of slipping out of our reach.† â€Å"And the name Lydia didn’t set off any alarm bells?† â€Å"It is a common enough name.† â€Å"If you’re lost in the forties,† Nic muttered. â€Å"I will admit, I made an error not keeping better track of the witches.† Edward steepled his fingers. â€Å"But let us discuss your error, Elise.† â€Å"Mine?† â€Å"Billy isn’t dead.† Oh, that error. â€Å"Get over it,† Nic interjected. â€Å"Excuse me?† Edward lifted a brow. â€Å"He isn’t dead, but he will be as soon as I find him.† Nic reached for his weapon, frowned. â€Å"And my gun.† He started off in the direction of his pistol, then stopped and turned back. â€Å"I’m confused. To make the witchie wolves, dead people need to be bitten by a werewolf in human form?† â€Å"That’s the theory.† â€Å"As near as we can tell, the bites were all from the same mouth.† I nodded, though he knew this as well as I did. â€Å"A mouth we’ll assume to be Billy’s since there isn’t a pack of werewolves in Fairhaven – unless you count the ghost wolves.† â€Å"There is a point soon, correct?† Edward murmured. â€Å"People were disappearing before we got here, and we have a lot more ghost wolves than two, so how could Billy have bitten anyone if he was locked in a compound in Montana?† From the silence that settled over the clearing, no one had a definite answer for that, but Edward usually had an educated guess. Today was no different. â€Å"Perhaps another werewolf came first. Once Billy arrived, he killed him.† â€Å"That would be a Billy thing to do,† I agreed. â€Å"Except Damien said there was no werewolf here but him until I arrived.† â€Å"Damien could have been wrong,† Edward pointed out. Could have been, but I doubted it. Damien had been a werewolf for nearly sixty years; he knew how to identify another like himself. â€Å"Let us find Billy, ask him, then kill him,† Edward suggested. â€Å"Or just kill him.† â€Å"You know what my vote is,† I said. â€Å"Why did they let us go?† Nic asked. â€Å"Billy could have killed any, or all, of us. Lydia wants you dead, Elise, yet she took off. Why?† â€Å"They must realize we will come after them,† Edward continued. â€Å"The full moon is tonight. Billy will have to change.† â€Å"And I’ll be waiting for him,† Nic murmured. â€Å"Wait.† Edward held up a long bony hand. â€Å"If they want us to hunt under the full moon, we will not.† â€Å"Wrong,† I said, at the same time Nic snapped, â€Å"Like hell.† Edward and I turned to Nic as he lifted, then lowered, one shoulder. â€Å"I don’t like how Billy spoke to you, Elise.† â€Å"You should have heard him in the compound,† I muttered, then shivered again at the memory. â€Å"I did not say we would not hunt.† Edward sounded exasperated. â€Å"Nor that we would not kill him and anything else that gets in our way.† â€Å"What did you say?† Nic asked. â€Å"Silver works on werewolves in the daytime as well as the night. In human form as well as the form of a wolf.† Understanding spread across Nic’s face, followed closely by excitement. â€Å"We’ll shoot him in the daylight. He won’t even know what hit him.† â€Å"Only this one time,† Edward ordered. â€Å"Billy is a special case.† Edward frowned on us shooting people with silver in broad daylight, no matter how certain we might be of their true nature. In his defense, flaming humans were a lot harder to explain than flaming wolves. â€Å"Fine. One-time deal only. Now where’s my gun?† â€Å"You will need a rifle, as well,† Edward said. â€Å"I have an arsenal in the trunk.† He always did. Nic practically skipped off to shop at the firearm bonanza, as I stalked toward Edward. I did not want Nic going after Billy. Billy was insane. â€Å"Nic isn’t a Jger-Sucher† I whispered. â€Å"Since when does he get to pick a rifle and join the party?† â€Å"Since we are shorthanded, and you are nothing short of horrific with a gun.† My chin went up. â€Å"I have other talents.† â€Å"Not in the daytime. Besides.† Edward nodded toward the Cadillac. â€Å"I doubt you will be able to stop him.† Nic was going through the rifles with an ease born of practice. His face held a determination I recognized. He wouldn’t be dissuaded from hunting Billy. â€Å"Fine.† I threw up my hands. â€Å"But he goes with you.† â€Å"Not you?† â€Å"You’re the best. Except for Leigh.† Edward scowled but didn’t argue since I was right, then he stomped over to the trunk, yanked out his favorite rifle, and began to bark orders. â€Å"Franklin, you are with me.† â€Å"But – † Nic glanced in my direction, and I shrugged as if I had nothing to say about anything. Though I didn’t want Nic out of my sight ever again, he’d be safer with Edward. Especially since Billy seemed to have a hard-on for me. â€Å"We will meet at the cabin before dusk. If one of us has accomplished the task, fire three rounds into the air, then return to town.† I glanced at the Cadillac. â€Å"What about the car?† Edward’s long-suffering sigh made me want to melt into the earth with shame, same as it had when I was three. â€Å"Drive the vehicle back to town. Walk out from there, Agent Franklin and I walk in from here. We will flush him from his hiding place.† Was I supposed to know this trick without ever having been told? Apparently. Edward moved toward the trees. Nic stepped after him, then glanced in my direction and paused. Though it was the height of unprofessionalism, I went into his arms. Edward didn’t even bother to snicker, snort, or be snide. He must think we were all going to die. â€Å"Be careful,† I couldn’t help but murmur. Sure, he was an FBI agent, but this was a Billy and Lord knows what else. â€Å"You won’t be safe until he’s dead.† Nic released me with a final squeeze. I tried one more time. â€Å"Maybe you should go – â€Å" â€Å"Where? I think I’m better off with Mandenauer and enough guns and ammo to outfit a small country than I am at the cabin alone or on my way to the airport in a flimsy steel car.† He was probably right. Nevertheless, I didn’t like this at all. â€Å"Meet you in Fairhaven before dusk, if not sooner.† I nodded, then glanced at my boss as Nic joined him. The old man acknowledged my query with a single sharp nod. Billy would not get to Nic. Not while Edward was alive. Of course, Edward being dead was just another one of my mountain of worries. How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Thirty-Two, Essay examples

Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essay Example

Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essay Labfest which is a festival for new plays, untried, untested, unpublished and unstaged. It is done by virgin playwrights or first-time playwrights, first-time writers or also known as extra-virgins and born-again virgins or the professional writers with new works. The plays are selected from different scripts sent by writers from all over the country. Virgin Labfest is held at The Cultural Center of the Philippines on July 6, 2013 and Virgin Labfest is now running on its ninth year and proving to be one of the most successful theater festivals.To train aspiring writers Virgin Labfest created its own writing fellowship with a two-week mentorship programs on the study and practice of dramatic writing on the stage. The fellows have lectures, discussions and workshops on playwriting and script critiquing. The Fellowship Program culminated a staged reading of the fellows’ works at the CCP Bulwagang Amado Hernadez. The event is free and open to the public. There were 10 short plays directed by Dennis Marasigan and will be performed by amateur and professional theater actors. The 10 short plays are: 1. Ang Gintong Aral ni Ma’am Zeny  by  Tyron Judes D.Casumpang 2. Final Interview  by  Christian M. Dagsil 3. Kalayaan  by  Christa I. De La Cruz 4. Ungentlemanly Behavior  by  John Carlo Dulu 5. Kung Paano Magsintas ng Sapatos  by  Janina Faith Gacosta 6. Bago Magkaroon ng Panibagong Mundo  by  Sherina Mae Inza-Cruz 7. Pabaon  by  Levine Andro Lao 8. Ang mga Nakatatawid sa Asin  by  Lorenzo Elias Lopez 9. Drop Zone  by  Miyo Sta. Maria 10. Ang Huling Stage Reading ni Romulo Dulah  by  Christian Ubana Tordecillas These short plays that were featured are the results of the mentorship program by the award-winning playwright, Glen Sevilla Mas.As part of the Speech and Stage Arts class we were required to watch the Stage Reading of the fellows and critique them. At first, I was just expecting a simple presentation. From the word itself, stage reading, I was thinking of a group of people handling scripts and reading it as accompanied with variety of emotions. But I was surprised when we enter the Bulwagang Amado Hernandez and asked my classmates who were also there, if why there were props on the stage. They said that we will be watching plays more than we expected.The plays took only 10 to 15 minutes act on the stage and the title were announced before the play. Every part had a set of three to four different plays and the title of each play was announced before the play. I was not able to get the full title and just put something like â€Å"Adobo† or key words on my notes so I can remember them. The first play was â€Å"Ang Pabaon† by Levin Andro Lao. It was a good play but it is somehow a common story and with a predictable ending. But the thing that made it unique was the concept of Adobo that added a taste to the story. There were two characters in the play; ‘Buboy’ and the mother.Buboy as he portrayed his role, he was a bit monotonous and he used almost the same gestures and facial expressions. The mother although she is very young, her actions really fit her role as an old woman. The thing that distracted me with the mother was her way of pronouncing the letter ‘S’. she mispronounced ‘S’ as ‘Sh’, and because of that some of her words were not delivered clearly and I can’t understand some of the words that she said. Next was â€Å"Ang Gintong Aral ni Ma’am Zeny† by Tyron Judes D. Casumpang. The story was very extraordinary; the very first act that the man produced really showcased the whole 10 minute play.As we have studied in our class, I remember that a powerful voice at first will still the emotions of the audience as I have experienced that time. The man who played as the policeman and the former student of Ma’am Zeny really had a good quality of voice, powerful impact, variety of tone based on the emotions and expressions. The woman who portrayed the role of Ma’am Zeny has a soft voice but with much of emotions expressed, with the way she spoke mildly and calmly, I as one of the audiences felt moved by her emotions and facial gestures.I would also like to commend the plot of the story that it became a mysterious act of what would she do to the kid that was lying on her lap. Lastly, with the kid, it was good because at his age, he can really act like a professional artist although his accent does not fit his role. The third play was â€Å"Ang Huling Stage Reading ni Romulo Dulah†Ã‚  by  Christian Ubana Tordecillas. The story was very intriguing, because we can’t really find out where Romulo would go after their stage reading until the time that he said the he will be executed in China. Romulo’s mother as ‘Inahing Manok’ acted very realistic hat she can let her audience feel the sadness that she was feeling at tha t very moment. Vj Serag as ‘Bokbok Manok’ had a different approach in his character. His face looked angry but he was feeling sad and guilty because of Romulo’s situation, he was a little monotonous maybe because of his short dialogues. ‘Soksok Manok’ was a very good actor as he portrayed his character. The audience as the recipient of his emotions really laughed and felt sad because of the way he spoke and his facial expressions that seemed to be very unique. Romulo as the main character gave us the feeling of sadness although he was throwing jokes in his dialogues.I felt like something was hidden within him and it was the loneliness of the character portrayed. All in all the story did amazed me. Next was the story with the title, â€Å"Ungentlemanly Behavior†Ã‚  by  John Carlo Dulu. The title of the story gave me a bit idea of the concept of the play; I said â€Å"maybe it is about a gay. † And I was right! But the thing that did am azed me was the revelation from the father saying that he is a gay and he had a past relationship with the teacher. It was a very funny story because of their dialogues and emotions expressed.The father used variety of tone and pitch, he also used the technique of lowering his voice and then shouting, like the term ‘decrescendo’ in singing. Vj as the teacher expressed very strong emotion of shame and denial because of what the father is saying. He also used appropriate body gestures as he moved back and forth of the staged. For me, it was one of the best stories among the ten plays. The fifth play was â€Å"Ang mga Nakatatawid sa Asin†Ã‚  by  Lorenzo Elias Lopez. The characters were the Lola, the two young man and woman who played as siblings with different parents.At first I thought that the story was all about aswang or supernatural things but as the story went by, it was about the temptation of a man towards a woman. The lola was very oldish in style, she re ally portrayed her character as an old woman with ease. Both of the siblings expressed different variety of voice, tone and gestures. The sixth play was, â€Å"Kalayaan† by Christa I. Delacruz. As I was watching the play, I felt a little discomfort because of the kissing scene of both women. This kind of play should consider the audience, because it had some censored parts.The woman with the short hair produced exaggerated actions that I think inappropriate to her dialogues and with regard to her partner, she was talking mostly in English and some of the words mumbled in her mouth as she was saying those, she had some mispronounced words and she did stutter sometimes. The seventh play was, â€Å"Final Interview† by Christian M. Dagsil. It was a very good story and it really depicted the reality of life. Both Vj and the woman beside her expressed appropriate gestures and used variety of tone and pitch and they have a good quality of voice.But the main character of the s tory named ‘Suzette’ has a very low voice that with the large amount of crowd, the audience at the back was not able to hear what she was saying that time and some of the audience just do murmuring around. With the energy level and the power of the voice of her two co-actors, she was covered up by them. In that sense, she should consider the number of her crowd, she can’t be heard at the back added up by the noise of the air condition. The eighth play was, â€Å"Bago Magkaroon ng Panibagong Mundo† by Sherina Mae Inza-Cruz. The story had the sense of science fiction, because it is about the destruction of the world.The characters are very realistic in acting. Especially in imaginary setting, because they were just imagining that they were in the front of them but in the story they were in a different cubicle talking to one another. The woman who had given the pill to survive had a very good expression and voice quality while the ‘ate’ somehow e xplicit gestures that were not that fitted to her role. The ninth play and one of the best among the 10 stories was, â€Å"Drop Zone† by Miyo Sta. Maria. All of the actors portrayed their roles naturally, and they were all funny.Their voice have a power and strong impact to the audience despite the fact that they were using a sound of a chopper that was quite loud but they did not let the sound cover up their voice. Last but not the least is the story with the title, â€Å"Kung Paano Magsintas ng Sapatos† by Janina Faith Gacosta. The story was a bit simple and it has a predictable ending. But with that matter, the characters did a great job especially the man at his young age, he was able to portray the role of an old man with side acts like cough and loss of breath, he showed variety of emotions and the delivery of the words was very clear.The little boy also did a great job in acting but the volume of his voice was very low and he is slang that was not that appropria te to his character. To sum up, all of the plays have their different characteristics and the characters as well. But with the right variety of tone, volume, pitch, gestures and even emotions, they can really act in front naturally. I think with coherence with our subject, it is very important that we know those factors that will make pour speech or delivery clear and understandable.

Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis The WritePass Journal

Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis Abstract Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis Abstract IntroductionPrinciple for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC)Application of GCÃâ€"GC in Environmental AnalysisWater and Sediment AnalysisAnalysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFsPesticide AnalysisAir AnalysisConclusionsReferencesRelated Abstract The conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC) compared to a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) which provides the highest capacity, improved resolution and many of sensitivity. Additionally, it was create two-dimensional structure chromatogram, which is the proof of assistance in the composite class. Samples can often be minimized or even eliminated in some cases for the practice, as technology provides excellent separation power. All these benefits make GCÃâ€"GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GCÃâ€"GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earths surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the worlds ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment.   By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Resu lts obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GCÃâ€"GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GCÃâ€"GC separation with the increased power resulting in a succ essful demonstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GCÃâ€"GC–TOF MS versus 1D-GC–TOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GCÃâ€"GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GCÃâ€"GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GCÃâ€"GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GCÃâ€"GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For e xample, GCÃâ€"GC detector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GCÃâ€"GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GCÃâ€"GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GCÃâ€"GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GCÃâ€"GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GCÃâ€"GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GCÃâ€"GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GCÃâ€"GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GCÃâ€"GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GCÃâ€"GC has the great potential for water   pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earths freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises â€Å"hillock† [20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to â€Å"unsolution complex mixture† at present [21]. GCÃâ€"GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GCÃâ€"GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GCÃâ€"GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxides degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GCÃâ€"GC provided â€Å"cleanly† the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier.   Fig. 3. Extracted ion GCÃâ€"GC–TOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GCÃâ€"GC for to the environment pollutants analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistances extraction to the complex samples high resolution analysis provides to GCÃâ€"GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GCÃâ€"GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GCÃâ€"GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition samples trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrixs PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GCÃâ€"GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GCÃâ€"GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) GCÃâ€"GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GCÃâ€"GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GCÃâ€"GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GCÃâ€"GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrixs PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GCÃâ€"GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually draws back, the centrifuge process to enter GCÃâ€"GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver samples analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GCÃâ€"GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GCÃâ€"GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GCÃâ€"GC, GCÃâ€"GC the performance is unified (GCÃâ€"GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GCÃâ€"GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compounds proof is possible.   Fig. 4 GCÃâ€"GC–ECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GCÃâ€"GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in persons organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GCÃâ€"GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in persons blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp persons blood serum extractions 15 pesticides foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GCÃâ€"GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutants proof and the quantification [35]. But GCÃâ€"GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs. GCÃâ€"GC the application earl y showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in persons organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GCÃâ€"GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in persons blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GCÃâ€"GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GCÃâ€"GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GCÃâ€"GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pol lutant many other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular materials exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GCÃâ€"GC-FID and GCÃâ€"GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GCÃâ€"GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identifications compound and 100,000. GCÃâ€"GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GCÃâ€"GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GCÃâ€"GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensates basic scores MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GCÃâ€"GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GCÃâ€"GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GCÃâ€"GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GCÃâ€"GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GCÃâ€"GC systems commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GCÃâ€"GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1–19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490–500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19–S24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503–511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. J Chromatogr A. 1983, 279:173–187. 8. 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Linear Parent Functions (Algebra Help)

Linear Parent Functions (Algebra Help) In Algebra Functions, a function is described as a set of data that has one distinct output (y) for each input (x). A function also describes the relationship between inputs (x) and outputs (y). As a testament to the various patterns between x and y, several types of functions exist. Algebraic Functions LinearAbsolute ValueQuadraticExponentialTrigonometricRationalLogarithmic Each type of Algebraic function is its own family and possesses unique traits. If you want to understand the characteristics of each family, study its parent function, a template of domain and range that extends to other members of the family. This article focuses on the linear parent function. Linear Parent Function Characteristics The equation of the linear parent function is y x. Refer to Linear Parent Function for the graph of y x. Domain: All real numbers Range: All real numbersThe slope, or rate of change, is constant. Linear Function Flips, Shifts, and Other Tricks Family members have common and contrasting attributes. If your dad has a big nose, then you probably have one as well. Nonetheless, just as you are different from your parents, so is a subsequent function different from its parent. Note: Any changes to the equation will alter the graph. Vertical Shiftsy x1The graph shifts up 1 unit. y x-4The graph shifts down 4 units. Changes in Steepnessy 3xThe graph becomes steeper. y  ½xThe graph becomes flatter. Negative Influencey  The graph flips and slopes downward, instead of upward. (See Calculate a Negative Slope.)

Laura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Laura - Essay Example Fast moving items are being recorded in the store managers’ hand-held computer in order to relay the message to the head office and its central design team. When it comes to production, Laura chose to print roughly 40% of its own fabric and produces 80% of its finished products. This production strategy allows Laura to be more flexible in responding to the sudden changes in fashion trend. Having an efficient logistics and Laura’s commitment to produce unique and fashionable clothing preferred by its target consumers throughout UK and Europe within a short span of 15 days makes the company able to keep up with the fast changing fashion trends. By continuously expanding its market distribution via increasing the number of its store outlets, telephone / mail order operation, and investing on online catalogue and ordering system including its practice of changing the store clothing designs every 4 weeks makes the annual sales increase over the The strength of Laura’s production system includes its ability to determine the trend of in-fashion clothing and its immediate response to the customers’ needs and wants by investing on a low cost in-house garment production that is responsible in printing its own fabrics, cutting, and sewing of garments just-in-time for delivery. The benefit of such production strategy is that it allows Laura to immediately respond to the customers’ constantly changing preferred fashion style within a short span of 15 days. The problem with this type of production strategy is the fact that its competitors are saving more money from outsourcing the production of garments in third world countries by bulk. In line with a much lower cost of production, Laura’s competitors are able to sell their product line at a much lower price. For this reason, Laura is not able to penetrate the lower end of the markets that are

Competitive Analysis of General Motors Case Study

Competitive Analysis of General Motors - Case Study Example The tools like PESTLE, porter's five force and SWOT analysis are used in this report in order get a better result. The report is designed in such a way that, first there is an introduction followed by PESTLE analysis, porter's five force analysis and SWOT analysisetc. Automobile industry was always a topic of discussion in the field of business and environment. The development of a country by avoiding the automobile industry is impractical or in other words it is ineffective. The main problem the industry is having is that the influence of micro and macro financial environment in the industry. The recession or any other downtrend the economies badly affect the automobile industry, especially car industry. At the same time any boom or overall economic development of an economy creates a positive impact in the automobile industry by way of increased sale of motor vehicles. Different financial and economic tools help in studying the automobile industry in a better way. Tools like PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysisetc. are extensively used in the market study of automobile industry. Here, automobile industry in the United State is studied by focusing on the company General Motors. General Motors held the top position among the car industry of the world for a long period. The great leadership of the company was one of the main success factors. But this was past and now the sales of the company are showing a diminishing trend. By looking at the present position of the company, nobody will believe that this was such a company, which was making a huge profit. Due to different reasons the company is now running into losses. One of the main reasons was the present financial crisis. The crisis not only affected the business of General Motors, but also it affected the business of other automobile companies in /the United States and other parts of the world. As crisis reduced the purchasing power of the people, it caused a drastic reduction in the sale of automobiles. Majority of People will not go for luxurious items and car is considered as the luxurious item. The reduction in sale of the car caused to have a negative impact on the reputation of the company. The pri ce per share of the company declined and the debt of the company increased. Now the company is facing it difficult to run the business in a balanced way due to different factors, especially poor management. The poor management led to ineffective use of funds, increasing of debtetc. The company lost its position in markets where the company is considered as holding top position. Another reason for the failure was that the company's attitude. The company focused on marketing and financing activities instead of focusing on customer requirements. The company forgot the basic of the business activity that is consumers are the king in the market (Ramakrishna, 2006) GM which once controlled about half the US market is now struggling to maintain its leadership position. This is not the case of GM alone. Even Ford Motors (Ford) and Chrysler, the other carmakers from Detroit, have been losing their market shares in recent times. In the late 1990s, the "big three" had a combined market share of more than 70%. Now, their combined market share in the US is 58% and it is declining continuously (Domestic trends, 2008, p. 3). GM

CDMA Technology

CDMA Technology â€Å"CDMA† What CDMA Technology is all about? The first proposals for CDMA cellular networks in the USA and Europe (1978-1980) yielded to alternative projects, which later evolved into the GSM and DAMPS standards. However, in the mid 1990s the 2G standard IS-95 was put forward, resting on a fully spread spectrum/ CDMA platform. At a cosmic pace, networks of this standard (later named cdmaOne) gained wide recognition in America, Asia and the former Soviet Union countries. The great success of IS-95, as well as careful analysis and further experiments, had led to acceptance of the spread spectrum/CDMA philosophy as the basic platform for the major 3G mobile radio specifications: UMTS and cdma2000. Both of them are now in the pre-operational stage and undoubtedly will become the main mobile communication instruments for the next decades. As we know it is all about multiple access, so multiple access is subdivided into: * Contention- Based Techniques * Conflict-free technique. CONTENTION BASED CONTROL: This is not in the scope of this project CONFLICT FREE CONTROL It involves the division of system resources into fixed channels which are than reserved by transmit/receive pairs of communication. This is beneficial for channels which require regular and continuos access to a channel like video and audio. Code Division Multiple Access In CDMA systems, channels are defined by the code not by time or frequency. Spread Spectrum rely on pseudo-random waveforms termed spreading codes to create noise-like transmisision.if users can be given different codes that have low cross-relation properties, channels can be defined by these codes. In CDMA channels are defined by Spreading Codes, eg with the direct sequence CDMA two signals can be defined as: Where a1(t) and a2(t) are spreading codes that define the â€Å"channel† of each user signal thus cross relation between a1(t) and a2(t) dictates the performance of CDMA.[1] Technology behind CDMA CDMA technology is based on the Spread Spectrum communication technique, in the past few years this technology has created a revolution in the wireless communication technology; today the users are using 3-G wireless data services and applications like e-mail, and videos calls etc. that requires fast transmission without any loss of data and quality. [2] Importance of Technology CDMA support all channel sizes (5 MHz, 10 MHz, etc.) provide circuit and packet data rates up to 2 Mbps, incorporate advanced multimedia capabilities, and include a framework for advanced 3G voice services, including voice over packet and circuit data. The interaction between mobiles in the same channel is the distinguishing characteristic of CDMA, CDMA Features and Services http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/CDMA-~-Features-and-services/ The features and faster access of data provided by CDMA technology leads the life of an individual to the ease of that comfort level that they need not to worry about anything in respect to the communication level. Benefits of CDMA Affecting human Life: 1 Primary voice features -. a) Call Forwarding Busy (CFB)/Call Forwarding Busy No Answer (CFNA)/Call Forwarding Busy Unconditional (CFU) CFB, CFNA, and CFU allow a called subscriber to have the system send incoming calls, addressed to the called subscribers directory number, to another directory number (forward-to number), or to the called subscribers designated voice mailbox. b) Conference Calling (CC) CC provides a subscriber with the ability to conduct a multiconnection call, i.e., a simultaneous communication between three or more parties (conferees c) Do Not Disturb (DND) DND prevents a called subscriber from receiving calls. When this feature is active, no incoming calls shall be offered to the subscriber. 2 Short Message Service Features a) Short Message Delivery-Point-to-Point Bearer Service (SMD-PP). SMDPP provides bearer service mechanisms for delivering a short message as a packet of data between two service users, known as short message entities (SMEs). The length of the bearer data may be up to 200 octets. b) Cellular Paging Teleservice (CPT) CPT conveys short textual messages (up to 63 characters) to an SME for display or storage. 3 Data transfer The best data transfer technology it has to offer is the EVDO technology, allowing for a maximum download speed of about 2mb/s (about 700kbps in practice), which is similar to what a DSL line has to offer. EVDO is not available everywhere yet and requires a cell phone that is EVDO ready. 4 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) The main advantage of using CDMA cell phone signals for reference clock purposes is that they work better inside buildings, thus often eliminating the need to mount a GPS antenna outside a building. http://www.allinterview.com/viewpost/165996.html Modulation Technique The modulation technique used in CDMA (specifically in wireless communication in mobile network) is dual-channel QPSK (hybrid phase shift keying (HPSK) or orthogonal complex quadrature phase shift keying (OCQPSK)) The methods used by dual-channel QPSK to Modulate are- Ø Orthogonal spreading Code Ø Scrambling code with Walsh Rotator Ø Pseudorandom codes (Scrambling) Orthogonal spreading Code Spreading transforms each data symbol into multiple data chips. This ratio (number of data chips/symbol) is called the spreading factor (SF). Thus, it increases the signal bandwidth. Data symbols on the I(real, or In-phase data component) and Q(imaginary, or Quadrature-phase data component) branches are combined with the channelization code In downlink it is used to separate different users within one cell, but in the uplink only to separate the different services of one user Generation of channelization code Allocation of code It is showing the root of code tree. It employs the spreading factors 4 through 512, in which 4 to 256 appears in uplink, and SF 512 is added to the SF catalogue in the downlink direction. It also shows how the codes can be allocated. Example: If the code C8,2 is allocated, then from its subtree no codes can be used (i.e. C16,4, C16,5, C32,8). These subtree codes would not be orthogonal with their parent code. Scrambling code with Walsh Rotator How it works? Example: Original data chip divided into its I and Q components (1,1) and a complex scrambling signal (-1,1). When complex scrambling takes place, the phases of these signals are added together (45 ° + 135 ° = 180 °) and the resulting signal constellation is (-1,0). The distance of I and Q from origin represents the power level of the signal. If the original data signal uses equal power levels for control and data channels, then the constellation points will be [(1,1), (-1,1), (1,-1)]. When they are scrambled using a complex scrambling code, the result always lies on either the I or Q axis; that is, mapped into the constellation points (1,0), (0,1), (-1,0), and (0,-1). This means that these phase shifts cannot cause zero crossings Pseudorandom codes (Scrambling) The orthogonal codes can only be used when the signals applying them are time synchronous. So for asynchronous users in the uplink direction if orthogonal spreading codes alone were used in the uplink, then they could easily cancel each other. So to overcome this situation pseudorandom codes are used. In this procedure, the signal, which is spreaded (full bandwidth) with an orthogonal spreading code, is further combined (means XOR) with a pseudorandom scrambling code. This scrambling code is either a long code (a Gold code with a 10-ms period) or a short code [S(2) code] Basic Requirements Hardware Software PLANET EV It is used to designing evaluation of network problems also provides a comprehensive set of coverage and interference analyses of different cell sites. Bangarpet%20Coverage%20MEIRP Tems Investigator * It provides view of the network. * It can evaluate the functionality of Call processing and received base station signal quality Tems Deskcat It estimates the performance of the network infrastructure. It can provide a comparison of oue network with the competitors network Antenna Editor It provides a view of Horizontal and vertical pattern of antenna. Skills Fault management The fault report must contain enough information so that the management system can make the right analysis and react correctly. Configuration management; Once the number of subscribers increases, new capacity is needed; thus, new equipment must be bought Performance management Ø Traffic levels within the network, both user data and control signalling Ø Verification of the network configuration Ø Resource-access measurements Ø QoS Ø Resource availability Roaming management A roaming agreement is a contract between the home-network operator and the serving-network operator User equipment management This is a feature that allows a network operator to trace the particular subscriber within the network. Software management The main software-management process can contain the following stages: Ø Delivery of software from the vendor Ø Forwarding of the software to network elements or element managers Ø Validation of the software to ensure that it is not corrupted Ø Activation of the software to an executable state ENHANCED SUBSCRIBER AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHM This method utilizes the Authentication and Key Agreement which provides mutual authentication between a base station and mobile terminal with increased key size. Mutual authentication overcomes the problem of false base station attacks, thereby preventing the voice privacy or private identity information of the subscribers from being compromised. The ESA algorithm also dismantles the cryptographic attacks such as reconstruction attack and list attack, thereby enhancing the security of existing CDMA systems. The simulation results also clearly Indicates that ESA based systems consume less power and the error rate is also less when compared with CAVE based system. Thus, the Enhanced Subscriber Authentication algorithm enhances the security of the CDMA systems. Advantages of CDMA 1. No frequency management In CDMA we are not required to use different frequency where as in both TDMA and FDMA the frequency management is always a critical task. Since there is only one channel in CDMA, no frequency management is needed. 2. No Guard Time in CDMA. In TDMA uses the concept of guard time so as to avoid interference between simultaneous users whereas in case of CDMA we are not required to add guard time which result in efficient use of bandwidth. 3. No Hard Handoff As we CDMA is based on code sequence and uses the same frequency, the connection to the new cell site can be made without breaking the connection of the current cell. And it also requires less power, which reduces interference and increases capacity. 4. Use of Rake Receiver In CDMA have rake receiver which is multiple receiver in one which identifies three multi-path signals and combines them to make a very strong signal. Both mobile and cell site use rake receivers. Whereas in case of GSM handsets it picks the first the first signal it gets. No matter what is the strength of signal? 5. Power Adjustment in CDMA- in CDMA handset itself can adjust at which they transmit the signal. This insures that base station is receiving signal at the power which is needed. Both forward and reverse link uses power control techniques. Where as in case of GSM network handset will transmit at the fix setting whatever the distance between handset and base station is. The base station would face extremely strong signal from the nearer and extremely low from the farer device which result in Near-Far Problem. 6. CDMA can have this flexibility with their own service that stores data on the operators database. So if the cell is lost then its contact any other information can be recovered where as in case of GSM if mobile is lost then SIM is also lost. 7. CDMA capacity is around 10-20 times to FDM and approx 4 times to TDMA. 8. More coverage comparatively GSM One of the main advantages of CDMA is that dropped only when the phone is at least twice as far from the base station. 9. CDMA also have better security and higher data and voice transmission quality because of the spread spectrum technology it uses, which has increased resistance to multipath distortion. Disadvantages of CDMA 1. Connection fixed with the Handset- The main problem with CDMA technology that customer faces it that it does not allow to change handset easily because many functionality is embedded in the handset whereas in case if it uses SIM card that identifies a user and stores the information in the handset. The SIM card can be swapped between handsets, which enable to move all the contacts to the new handset with ease. 2. international roaming In case of international roaming handsets with GSM is far better than CDMA handsets because GSM is used in most the markets across the globe. 3. Battery Life- The battery life in case of CDMA is lesser as compared to TDMA because CDMA handsets transmit data all the time but TDMA does not require constant transmission. CDMA is best suited for implementation 1. For Microcell and in-building Systems: CDMA is probably the best system for microcell and in-building systems. The embedded microcell shares the same frequency and has full connectivity with the overlaying macrocell. The capacity of microcell and macrocell is derived and simulated at various traffic distributions. The microcell capacity is 1.03 to 1.12 times the capacity of a regular cell. The capacity of the combined microcell and macrocell is 2.00 to 2.11 times that of a regular cell. The microcell and macrocell performance is also analyzed in terms of RF reliability, soft hand-off factors, and interference and power levels. The macrocell RF reliability will degrade more seriously than that of the microcell. The radio hand-off factors of the microcell are about 11% higher than that of the macrocell. The average required forward traffic channel power of the microcell is about 10% less than that of the macrocell. Microcell engineering guidelines in a commercial CDMA system are als o provided. The results show that embedding the microcell in an existing CDMA network could be a very efficient way to improve hot-spot capacity and dead-spot coverage.[1] 2. For rural area  § CDMA is that dropped only when the phone is at least twice as far from the base station. So it will be profitable in constructing the number of tower where in case of GSM it will be more because its coverage area is less.  § CDMA handsets can also work with anolog signal; we can get at rural areas where digital signals cannot be transmitted. 3. For Dense area CDMA uses spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel, coding provides more users for the same amount of available power used in other system. Problems In Implementation of CDMA Ø Spectrum Shortage The major problem faced by CDMA technology is lack of available spectrum and this is hindering their subscriber growth. In India CDMA operators are having problem in allocation of spectrum in 1900 MHz band which is common in other regions. According to B.B. Anand (President for Regulatory Affairs at Reliance Infocomm ) It is of the utmost importance that the 1900 MHz spectrum be allocated to CDMA operators in India to ensure that the region remains part of the international community of roaming wireless subscribers worldwide,[1] In India the band was allocated to Defense Services for their mobile communication usage. However upon the launch of mobile communication services for public, coordination was sought from the Defense department to make the spectrum available for mobile services. The Defense is releasing some spectrum through auction but it is opposed by the GSM operators on the commercial ground for preventing growth of CDMA Ø Low performance in hilly regions- The towers in CDMA interfere with each other and normally they are installed on much shorter towers and because of this CDMA (IS-95 standard) may not perform well in hilly terrains and India has plenty of such region in north region. Ø Near Far effect- In Near Far effect the code transmitted from a transmitter (A) to receiver is interfered by another transmitter (B) which is nearer to the receiver as compared to sender transmitter and this make difficult for identification of the original signals by the receiver .This effect became a major obstacle for successful implementation of CDMA technology. It is very expensive to solve the near far problem in a CDMA system. The precision power control algorithm are used to solve near far problem which consists of open loop power control and closed loop power control and this make a CDMA transreciever very complicated in both hardware and software implementation. Ø Breathing of Base Stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. In CDMA as number of subscribers using a particular sit increases the range of that site goes down. In other words unlike GSM where number of users are finite but in CDMA users are not finite and in more load the voice quality goes down. Design And Implementation of CDMA CDMA basics The CDMA technology works on basic principle of communicating through specific code on available frequency instead of assigning a specific frequency. Since users are specified by code they are able to use same carrier frequency and this eliminates the frequency reuse problem encountered in other technologies. Implementation At Sender site cdma Steps in generation of CDMA signals 1. Analog to Digital Conversion of Voice: CDMA uses Pulse code Modulation (PCM) for converting analog voice or audio to digital signal. This process is also known as digitalization. 2. Voice Compression: CDMA uses a special device VOCODER to do voice compression. They are located at the BSC and in the phone. While talking we give space or pause between words and CDMA takes advantage of these pauses in speech activity by using a variable rate vocoder. There are four data rates at which vocoder compresses the voice signal and they are  ½,  ¼, 1/8 and Full. Vocoder uses its full rate when a person is talking very fast. It uses the 1/8 rate when the person is nearly silent. 3. Encoding and Interleaving: Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. They build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in the transmission can be recovered. CDMA uses convolutional encoding to encode audio signals provided by VOCODERS. Interleaving is used to reduce the effects of burst errors and recovering lost bits. 4. Channelization: The encoded data after encoding and interleaving is again encoded to separate it from other encoded data. After that encoded signals are spreaded over the entire channel. CDMA uses WLASH code to channelize user on the forward or upward link i.e. from BTS to mobile and Pseudorandom noises to channelize user on reverse link or downward link i.e. from mobile to BTS. 5. Converting digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The channelized data from all calls are combined into one signal and then it is converted into radio frequency signal for transmission. A more relevant and self explanatory example is show below of transmission through base station. As explained above each conversation is compressed with a vocoder and the output is doubled by a convolutional encoder that adds redundancy for error checking. The encoded bit are then channelized and all calls are combined and modulated onto a carrier frequency. At Receiver site At receiving site the steps followed are just opposite of sender site 1. Conversion of RF signal to digital signal 2. Despreading the signal 3. Deinterleaving and decoding 4. Voice decompression 5. Digital to analog voice recovery RF signal are converted into digital signal by quantization into bits (chips) by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The output is deschannellized and decoded through a decoder know as Viterbi decoder which corrects the errors using the convolutional code. The output goes to the vocoder for decompression and then to digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which decompresses the bits and turns them back into waveforms (sound). Reference 1. Unknown (14 Oct 2004).CDMA Wireless Community Calls For Harmonized Spectrum Allocation.Available: http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/October2004/8463.htm Last accessed 3 March 2010. 2. Available: http://www.pangolinsms.com/images/cellular-standards/cdma-large.gif Last accessed 30 March 2010. 3. Available: http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/cdma Last accessed 16 March 2010. 4. Available: http://www.cdmauniversity.com/ProdTech/cdma/training/cdma25/intro/modules.html Last accessed 23 March2010.

Secret Window Movie

Secret Window is psychological thrilled about mind that cracks right down the middle and separates two different people with totally two different personalities that is taking over. Mort Rainey is a successful writer going through unfriendly divorce from his wife, Amy. Mort suspicion his wife Amy who is secretly meeting a lover and one night he confirms his fear by following her to a nearby motel and hesitantly walks in to the room while they are in bed. His hesitation was caused by a voice in his head that was trying to persuade him to go home and forget about his suspicion. Mort is alone and bitter in his little cabin, he continues to work on his writing when stranger John Shooter comes up to his doorstep, claim Rainey stole his story. Mort tells Shooter that he wrote his first and he can prove it, but while Mort waits for the evidence to appear, Shooter starts to become more violent. Mort also tries to tell Shooter that his story was published way back before Shooter’s existed. And then he is given three days by Shooter to prove it. Mort had medical attention then maybe he would have gotten treatment for his disorder. The disorder in which I am thinking of is known as dissociation identity disorder (DID) which also called as multiple personality disorder (MPD). This disorder is a psychiatric condition which person role in multiple identities. Each has a different set of unique set of memories, emotions, behavior, and thoughts. Mort’s alter ego which was Shooter is called a â€Å"host personality† this is when he executive control of the body for the greatest percentage of time during a given amount of time. Mort has been taking prescription drugs to stabilize his mental disorder. This problem combined with cigarette and alcohol-induced psychotic disorder with delusions and with onset during intoxication may account for five murders that were committed by one of Mort’s personalities. I have known that in this multiple personality disorder therapy the hypnosis is one of the successful treatment for the person that diagnosis with this disorder. In this hypnosis therapy they ask patient to go back in their mind when traumatic events occurred in their childhood. The treatment helps them belief that those traumatic memories will permit in patient to understand the threats from their childhood is doesn’t exist anymore in their adult life. Neither I can nor has anyone I know that has been related to this movie with multiple personality disorder. I can’t imagine any of my family member or friends going through with this kind of disorder. But I have seen one of the shows on T. V. that was similar to this kind of movie. It was girl who diagnosis with this multiple personality disorder. It was hard for the parents to take care of her and her little brother together. Her brother was only 2 year old and she tries to kill her brother and she go through that traumatic events. Her parent rent another apartment so separate brother and sister from each-other. The director had done really wonderful job with this movie, but there something I see to be end different ways than the way it did end. If I were director of this movie, I would keep the most part of the movie the way it is except for the end part. I was looking for some more to it at the end. I would try to show the treatment to this disorder so it allow to understand more people how patient get treated with multiple personality disorder. And also audience can understand much better to people who deal with mental illness.