Did Greek Practitioners Reject Islamic Ideas on Medicine Free Essay Example, 1500 words

As the paper states, it was not the texts on Islamic medicines were translated into Greek texts in the 7th century but the other way around. However, as time goes by, Greek practitioners were able to begin to trust the medical compilations by Islam even if some of them were still influenced by Islamic culture, tradition, and beliefs. The most important for Greeks was the whole idea of it still followed the basic of humoural medicine. In fact, the discovery of chickenpox was credited to an Arab and the explanation of the disease was based on the concept of humoural medicine. One thing for sure that was totally rejected by Greek practitioners when it comes to Islamic ideas on medicine was when it comes to Islamic beliefs and traditions. This was able to work out for as long as all of those ideas on Islamic medicines that were accepted by Greek practitioners were all related to humoural medicine. However, there was another important contribution of Islamic ideas on medicine to Greek me dicine. One of them is the use of drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Did Greek Practitioners Reject Islamic Ideas on Medicine or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The result of this translation was very significant. The newly translated Greek and Arabic medical writings provided European scholars with a much more sophisticated form of humoural medicine compared to the old existing one. The combined efforts among Greek practitioners and Islamic practitioners on medicine provided more detailed information in order to make enhancement and refinement on the idea of humoural medicine.

Home Is Tony Morrison s Fictional Account Of A Korean War

Home is Tony Morrison’s fictional account of a Korean War veteran’s experiences after returning to America. The veteran, Frank Money, faces particular challenges because he is a black man in 1950s America. Frank is attempting to return to his home state of Georgia in order to save his little sister, Cee, from danger. Along the way he faces the pitfalls of being a black man and a veteran. By writing from multiple perspectives, Morrison is able to compare Frank’s experience to that of other black people in America, especially Cee’s. By the end of the novel, Frank and Cee have experienced an arc of redemption and self-realization. Home displays the dual trauma experienced from American war and racism. The comparison of Cee’s story with Frank’s solidifies the trauma of both their situations. Frank deals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by watching his friends die and killing a young Korean girl. With PTSD come alcoholism, unemplo yment, and homelessness. This is typical of the awful experiences we know veterans go through. Simultaneously, Frank faces racism upon his return home and throughout his travels. He needs to know specific black-friendly homes and businesses in order to have ways to eat, stay, and move across the country, otherwise facing persecution from white people he encounters. Often, Frank can’t even avoid racist violence, such as when he was pulled into a fight with a man in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Cee experiences just as many traumatic events as

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Thirty-Two Free Essays

string(178) " us she could disappear\?† â€Å"Even if I had known, what good would it have done to tell you\? Could you have prevented the disappearance\?† I rubbed my forehead\." â€Å"You’re dead,† I said, echoing the protests of my dream, which, in retrospect, appeared to have been a vision. â€Å"Not quite.† â€Å"I ripped out your throat. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Thirty-Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"Not completely.† â€Å"You healed.† â€Å"I’m very old.† Billy smiled, and the expression was more frightening than a scowl. â€Å"I can heal just about anything. Except silver. Which is something we have in common. I always wondered what it was about you that bothered me.† He’d found some clothes – Lord knows where since there weren’t any outlets for the big and tall in this neck of the woods. The jeans and sweatshirt almost made him appear normal. Almost. A single glance into his eyes and no one would mistake Billy Bailey for anything other than an escaped lunatic. â€Å"Thor, the Thunder God,† Nic murmured. Double damn. Had the old woman seen Billy? If I’d known that, I could have exited Fairhaven screaming a long time ago. â€Å"Toss your weapon into the trees,† Billy ordered. Nic complied, and Billy shoved Edward forward so he could keep the gun trained on all three of us. I didn’t care for his expression when he glanced at Nic. â€Å"You’re screwing my girl,† Billy murmured. â€Å"I don’t like it.† I froze as all of the horrible things Billy planned to do to me when he got out of his cell flooded my mind. I needed to kill him, really kill him, and quick. â€Å"Mandenauer.† Edward, who’d been inching toward the rifle propped against the rear bumper of the Cadillac, stopped. I managed to sidle in front of Nic while Billy’s attention was on my boss. Billy didn’t want me dead. Not yet. But I had a feeling he wouldn’t feel the same way about the others. Though why he hadn’t just shot them first and done his talking later, I wasn’t sure, and I didn’t plan to ask. â€Å"If you don’t want a taste of what you’ve served up so freely,† Billy continued, â€Å"you’ll move far away from that gun.† Edward scowled but did as he was told. Unfortunately, he arrived at my side talking. â€Å"You didn’t make sure he was dead, then burn the body? Have you learned nothing?† â€Å"Guess not,† Billy murmured. I still couldn’t find my voice through the fear. â€Å"You’re the werewolf in human form,† Nic said. â€Å"You killed all those people.† â€Å"Actually, that was her.† Billy jerked a thumb in Lydia’s direction. â€Å"Except for Basil. That was me.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"He tried to shoot Dr. Hanover.† Billy’s eyes narrowed on Lydia. If that gaze had been fixed in my direction, I certainly wouldn’t have tossed my head and shrugged. Why wasn’t Lydia afraid of him? â€Å"You promised I could have her when you were through,† he said. â€Å"That was our deal.† â€Å"True.† Lydia examined her fingernails. † But I never promised she’d be alive.† Billy growled and the hair on my arms lifted. â€Å"He’s really very good.† Lydia glanced at me. â€Å"If you like your sex extremely rough.† Something wasn’t adding up, but I was still too frightened to do the math. â€Å"Don’t look so scared. You’ll be dead by then.† Lydia returned her attention to Billy. â€Å"I didn’t think you’d mind.† â€Å"We’ve discussed this.† He gave a long-suffering sigh. â€Å"I fuck her until she dies, and then I do it some more. A deal is a deal.† â€Å"That just isn’t going to work for me. Sorry.† Billy swung the gun in her direction, and Lydia disappeared. Nic and I stood gaping at the place where she’d been an instant before. â€Å"I hate it when she does that,† Billy muttered. Edward had been creeping forward while Billy’s attention was elsewhere. Almost as an afterthought, Billy’s elbow shot out and clipped the old man in the mouth. Edward’s head snapped back and he fell to the ground, but he didn’t pass out. Sometimes I wondered if Edward was human himself. Billy shifted his icy stare to mine. â€Å"Soon, Doctor. Remember everything I ever told you.† Black spots danced in front of my eyes. When they went away, so had Billy. Nic was at my side. I couldn’t help it, I turned my face into his neck and hid. Even with ancient Ojibwe women buried in shallow graves, murder, mayhem, and a ghost wolf army on the rise, the world had still been a much cheerier place without Billy in it. â€Å"I’m okay.† I’d found my voice. Hallelujah. So why wasn’t I screaming mindlessly until someone locked me in a nice, safe, impenetrable white room? Because having Nic here helped more than I would have imagined. He was steady and sane – which put him two steps ahead of Billy. Sadly, Billy was about two hundred steps ahead when it came to strength and power. We just couldn’t win. I took a deep whiff of Nic’s scent, trying to clear any remnant of Billy’s. Then I brushed my lips against his chin and lifted my head. Nic gazed at me with concern. â€Å"So that was Billy Bailey,† he said. â€Å"Creepy son of a bitch.† â€Å"Let’s kill him.† Edward struggled to his feet. â€Å"You neglected to mention that Gypsies have superpowers, too.† I looked at Nic. â€Å"That I did not know.† â€Å"It explains how she found out about you.† â€Å"How?† My mind wasn’t keeping up very well – too full of Billy. â€Å"If she can disappear and appear at will, she could know anything.† I saw Nic’s point. Lydia didn’t need to tap our phones or pay our enemies for information. All she had to do was become invisible and walk inside the compound. â€Å"Why didn’t she kill me before now?† â€Å"She needed you here for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nic shrugged. â€Å"Something?† ‘Terrific.† I glanced at Edward. â€Å"So explain why Gypsies have superpowers.† â€Å"Most do not.† â€Å"Did she, or did she not, just go poof?† â€Å"She did.† He sighed. â€Å"Lydia is not only a Gypsy but a witch.† â€Å"Witch?† Nic asked. â€Å"Since when are there witches?† He turned to me. â€Å"Did you know there were witches?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And you didn’t tell me?† â€Å"You want a rundown on every supernatural creature we’ve encountered?† He thought a minute, then said, â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"If we’re still alive next week, remind me to make you a list.† I turned my ire on Edward. â€Å"Why didn’t you tell us she could disappear?† â€Å"Even if I had known, what good would it have done to tell you? Could you have prevented the disappearance?† I rubbed my forehead. â€Å"What do you know about her?† If I focused on Lydia, maybe I’d quit seeing Billy’s eyes fixed on me. I doubted it, but anything was worth a try. â€Å"Her grandmother was removed from one of the death camps and sent to Mengele.† â€Å"Her grandfather?† â€Å"Was also at the laboratory in the Black Forest.† â€Å"And then?† â€Å"They were released, along with the werewolf army.† â€Å"That’s all?† He shrugged. â€Å"Witches are hard to identify. They do not sprout tails. They do not suck blood. They do not rise from their graves. They are just magic.† Just? â€Å"Does anyone find it odd that the usual familiar helps a witch, but a werewolf familiar is a witch?† Nic pointed out. â€Å"Not all Gypsies are witches,† Edward said. â€Å"Only the pure have magic – witches for want of a better term. Mengele used that blood to concoct his werewolves.† â€Å"Magic Gypsy witch blood to make werewolves,† I muttered. I did remember something about that in my notes, but since I’d doubted it would help me find a cure, I’d pushed the information to the back of my mind. â€Å"Where did you meet Lydia?† â€Å"I was acquainted with her grandmother.† Something flickered in Edward’s eyes, and he looked away. How well had he known the woman? I considered the suspicion. Edward could no more have an affair with a werewolf familiar than he could †¦ what? Employ a werewolf? â€Å"You didn’t think it was a good idea to keep track of these people?† I asked. â€Å"Of course. But as they are magic, they have a habit of slipping out of our reach.† â€Å"And the name Lydia didn’t set off any alarm bells?† â€Å"It is a common enough name.† â€Å"If you’re lost in the forties,† Nic muttered. â€Å"I will admit, I made an error not keeping better track of the witches.† Edward steepled his fingers. â€Å"But let us discuss your error, Elise.† â€Å"Mine?† â€Å"Billy isn’t dead.† Oh, that error. â€Å"Get over it,† Nic interjected. â€Å"Excuse me?† Edward lifted a brow. â€Å"He isn’t dead, but he will be as soon as I find him.† Nic reached for his weapon, frowned. â€Å"And my gun.† He started off in the direction of his pistol, then stopped and turned back. â€Å"I’m confused. To make the witchie wolves, dead people need to be bitten by a werewolf in human form?† â€Å"That’s the theory.† â€Å"As near as we can tell, the bites were all from the same mouth.† I nodded, though he knew this as well as I did. â€Å"A mouth we’ll assume to be Billy’s since there isn’t a pack of werewolves in Fairhaven – unless you count the ghost wolves.† â€Å"There is a point soon, correct?† Edward murmured. â€Å"People were disappearing before we got here, and we have a lot more ghost wolves than two, so how could Billy have bitten anyone if he was locked in a compound in Montana?† From the silence that settled over the clearing, no one had a definite answer for that, but Edward usually had an educated guess. Today was no different. â€Å"Perhaps another werewolf came first. Once Billy arrived, he killed him.† â€Å"That would be a Billy thing to do,† I agreed. â€Å"Except Damien said there was no werewolf here but him until I arrived.† â€Å"Damien could have been wrong,† Edward pointed out. Could have been, but I doubted it. Damien had been a werewolf for nearly sixty years; he knew how to identify another like himself. â€Å"Let us find Billy, ask him, then kill him,† Edward suggested. â€Å"Or just kill him.† â€Å"You know what my vote is,† I said. â€Å"Why did they let us go?† Nic asked. â€Å"Billy could have killed any, or all, of us. Lydia wants you dead, Elise, yet she took off. Why?† â€Å"They must realize we will come after them,† Edward continued. â€Å"The full moon is tonight. Billy will have to change.† â€Å"And I’ll be waiting for him,† Nic murmured. â€Å"Wait.† Edward held up a long bony hand. â€Å"If they want us to hunt under the full moon, we will not.† â€Å"Wrong,† I said, at the same time Nic snapped, â€Å"Like hell.† Edward and I turned to Nic as he lifted, then lowered, one shoulder. â€Å"I don’t like how Billy spoke to you, Elise.† â€Å"You should have heard him in the compound,† I muttered, then shivered again at the memory. â€Å"I did not say we would not hunt.† Edward sounded exasperated. â€Å"Nor that we would not kill him and anything else that gets in our way.† â€Å"What did you say?† Nic asked. â€Å"Silver works on werewolves in the daytime as well as the night. In human form as well as the form of a wolf.† Understanding spread across Nic’s face, followed closely by excitement. â€Å"We’ll shoot him in the daylight. He won’t even know what hit him.† â€Å"Only this one time,† Edward ordered. â€Å"Billy is a special case.† Edward frowned on us shooting people with silver in broad daylight, no matter how certain we might be of their true nature. In his defense, flaming humans were a lot harder to explain than flaming wolves. â€Å"Fine. One-time deal only. Now where’s my gun?† â€Å"You will need a rifle, as well,† Edward said. â€Å"I have an arsenal in the trunk.† He always did. Nic practically skipped off to shop at the firearm bonanza, as I stalked toward Edward. I did not want Nic going after Billy. Billy was insane. â€Å"Nic isn’t a Jger-Sucher† I whispered. â€Å"Since when does he get to pick a rifle and join the party?† â€Å"Since we are shorthanded, and you are nothing short of horrific with a gun.† My chin went up. â€Å"I have other talents.† â€Å"Not in the daytime. Besides.† Edward nodded toward the Cadillac. â€Å"I doubt you will be able to stop him.† Nic was going through the rifles with an ease born of practice. His face held a determination I recognized. He wouldn’t be dissuaded from hunting Billy. â€Å"Fine.† I threw up my hands. â€Å"But he goes with you.† â€Å"Not you?† â€Å"You’re the best. Except for Leigh.† Edward scowled but didn’t argue since I was right, then he stomped over to the trunk, yanked out his favorite rifle, and began to bark orders. â€Å"Franklin, you are with me.† â€Å"But – † Nic glanced in my direction, and I shrugged as if I had nothing to say about anything. Though I didn’t want Nic out of my sight ever again, he’d be safer with Edward. Especially since Billy seemed to have a hard-on for me. â€Å"We will meet at the cabin before dusk. If one of us has accomplished the task, fire three rounds into the air, then return to town.† I glanced at the Cadillac. â€Å"What about the car?† Edward’s long-suffering sigh made me want to melt into the earth with shame, same as it had when I was three. â€Å"Drive the vehicle back to town. Walk out from there, Agent Franklin and I walk in from here. We will flush him from his hiding place.† Was I supposed to know this trick without ever having been told? Apparently. Edward moved toward the trees. Nic stepped after him, then glanced in my direction and paused. Though it was the height of unprofessionalism, I went into his arms. Edward didn’t even bother to snicker, snort, or be snide. He must think we were all going to die. â€Å"Be careful,† I couldn’t help but murmur. Sure, he was an FBI agent, but this was a Billy and Lord knows what else. â€Å"You won’t be safe until he’s dead.† Nic released me with a final squeeze. I tried one more time. â€Å"Maybe you should go – â€Å" â€Å"Where? I think I’m better off with Mandenauer and enough guns and ammo to outfit a small country than I am at the cabin alone or on my way to the airport in a flimsy steel car.† He was probably right. Nevertheless, I didn’t like this at all. â€Å"Meet you in Fairhaven before dusk, if not sooner.† I nodded, then glanced at my boss as Nic joined him. The old man acknowledged my query with a single sharp nod. Billy would not get to Nic. Not while Edward was alive. Of course, Edward being dead was just another one of my mountain of worries. How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Thirty-Two, Essay examples

Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essay Example

Reaction Paper on Ccps Staged Reading Essay Labfest which is a festival for new plays, untried, untested, unpublished and unstaged. It is done by virgin playwrights or first-time playwrights, first-time writers or also known as extra-virgins and born-again virgins or the professional writers with new works. The plays are selected from different scripts sent by writers from all over the country. Virgin Labfest is held at The Cultural Center of the Philippines on July 6, 2013 and Virgin Labfest is now running on its ninth year and proving to be one of the most successful theater festivals.To train aspiring writers Virgin Labfest created its own writing fellowship with a two-week mentorship programs on the study and practice of dramatic writing on the stage. The fellows have lectures, discussions and workshops on playwriting and script critiquing. The Fellowship Program culminated a staged reading of the fellows’ works at the CCP Bulwagang Amado Hernadez. The event is free and open to the public. There were 10 short plays directed by Dennis Marasigan and will be performed by amateur and professional theater actors. The 10 short plays are: 1. Ang Gintong Aral ni Ma’am Zeny  by  Tyron Judes D.Casumpang 2. Final Interview  by  Christian M. Dagsil 3. Kalayaan  by  Christa I. De La Cruz 4. Ungentlemanly Behavior  by  John Carlo Dulu 5. Kung Paano Magsintas ng Sapatos  by  Janina Faith Gacosta 6. Bago Magkaroon ng Panibagong Mundo  by  Sherina Mae Inza-Cruz 7. Pabaon  by  Levine Andro Lao 8. Ang mga Nakatatawid sa Asin  by  Lorenzo Elias Lopez 9. Drop Zone  by  Miyo Sta. Maria 10. Ang Huling Stage Reading ni Romulo Dulah  by  Christian Ubana Tordecillas These short plays that were featured are the results of the mentorship program by the award-winning playwright, Glen Sevilla Mas.As part of the Speech and Stage Arts class we were required to watch the Stage Reading of the fellows and critique them. At first, I was just expecting a simple presentation. From the word itself, stage reading, I was thinking of a group of people handling scripts and reading it as accompanied with variety of emotions. But I was surprised when we enter the Bulwagang Amado Hernandez and asked my classmates who were also there, if why there were props on the stage. They said that we will be watching plays more than we expected.The plays took only 10 to 15 minutes act on the stage and the title were announced before the play. Every part had a set of three to four different plays and the title of each play was announced before the play. I was not able to get the full title and just put something like â€Å"Adobo† or key words on my notes so I can remember them. The first play was â€Å"Ang Pabaon† by Levin Andro Lao. It was a good play but it is somehow a common story and with a predictable ending. But the thing that made it unique was the concept of Adobo that added a taste to the story. There were two characters in the play; ‘Buboy’ and the mother.Buboy as he portrayed his role, he was a bit monotonous and he used almost the same gestures and facial expressions. The mother although she is very young, her actions really fit her role as an old woman. The thing that distracted me with the mother was her way of pronouncing the letter ‘S’. she mispronounced ‘S’ as ‘Sh’, and because of that some of her words were not delivered clearly and I can’t understand some of the words that she said. Next was â€Å"Ang Gintong Aral ni Ma’am Zeny† by Tyron Judes D. Casumpang. The story was very extraordinary; the very first act that the man produced really showcased the whole 10 minute play.As we have studied in our class, I remember that a powerful voice at first will still the emotions of the audience as I have experienced that time. The man who played as the policeman and the former student of Ma’am Zeny really had a good quality of voice, powerful impact, variety of tone based on the emotions and expressions. The woman who portrayed the role of Ma’am Zeny has a soft voice but with much of emotions expressed, with the way she spoke mildly and calmly, I as one of the audiences felt moved by her emotions and facial gestures.I would also like to commend the plot of the story that it became a mysterious act of what would she do to the kid that was lying on her lap. Lastly, with the kid, it was good because at his age, he can really act like a professional artist although his accent does not fit his role. The third play was â€Å"Ang Huling Stage Reading ni Romulo Dulah†Ã‚  by  Christian Ubana Tordecillas. The story was very intriguing, because we can’t really find out where Romulo would go after their stage reading until the time that he said the he will be executed in China. Romulo’s mother as ‘Inahing Manok’ acted very realistic hat she can let her audience feel the sadness that she was feeling at tha t very moment. Vj Serag as ‘Bokbok Manok’ had a different approach in his character. His face looked angry but he was feeling sad and guilty because of Romulo’s situation, he was a little monotonous maybe because of his short dialogues. ‘Soksok Manok’ was a very good actor as he portrayed his character. The audience as the recipient of his emotions really laughed and felt sad because of the way he spoke and his facial expressions that seemed to be very unique. Romulo as the main character gave us the feeling of sadness although he was throwing jokes in his dialogues.I felt like something was hidden within him and it was the loneliness of the character portrayed. All in all the story did amazed me. Next was the story with the title, â€Å"Ungentlemanly Behavior†Ã‚  by  John Carlo Dulu. The title of the story gave me a bit idea of the concept of the play; I said â€Å"maybe it is about a gay. † And I was right! But the thing that did am azed me was the revelation from the father saying that he is a gay and he had a past relationship with the teacher. It was a very funny story because of their dialogues and emotions expressed.The father used variety of tone and pitch, he also used the technique of lowering his voice and then shouting, like the term ‘decrescendo’ in singing. Vj as the teacher expressed very strong emotion of shame and denial because of what the father is saying. He also used appropriate body gestures as he moved back and forth of the staged. For me, it was one of the best stories among the ten plays. The fifth play was â€Å"Ang mga Nakatatawid sa Asin†Ã‚  by  Lorenzo Elias Lopez. The characters were the Lola, the two young man and woman who played as siblings with different parents.At first I thought that the story was all about aswang or supernatural things but as the story went by, it was about the temptation of a man towards a woman. The lola was very oldish in style, she re ally portrayed her character as an old woman with ease. Both of the siblings expressed different variety of voice, tone and gestures. The sixth play was, â€Å"Kalayaan† by Christa I. Delacruz. As I was watching the play, I felt a little discomfort because of the kissing scene of both women. This kind of play should consider the audience, because it had some censored parts.The woman with the short hair produced exaggerated actions that I think inappropriate to her dialogues and with regard to her partner, she was talking mostly in English and some of the words mumbled in her mouth as she was saying those, she had some mispronounced words and she did stutter sometimes. The seventh play was, â€Å"Final Interview† by Christian M. Dagsil. It was a very good story and it really depicted the reality of life. Both Vj and the woman beside her expressed appropriate gestures and used variety of tone and pitch and they have a good quality of voice.But the main character of the s tory named ‘Suzette’ has a very low voice that with the large amount of crowd, the audience at the back was not able to hear what she was saying that time and some of the audience just do murmuring around. With the energy level and the power of the voice of her two co-actors, she was covered up by them. In that sense, she should consider the number of her crowd, she can’t be heard at the back added up by the noise of the air condition. The eighth play was, â€Å"Bago Magkaroon ng Panibagong Mundo† by Sherina Mae Inza-Cruz. The story had the sense of science fiction, because it is about the destruction of the world.The characters are very realistic in acting. Especially in imaginary setting, because they were just imagining that they were in the front of them but in the story they were in a different cubicle talking to one another. The woman who had given the pill to survive had a very good expression and voice quality while the ‘ate’ somehow e xplicit gestures that were not that fitted to her role. The ninth play and one of the best among the 10 stories was, â€Å"Drop Zone† by Miyo Sta. Maria. All of the actors portrayed their roles naturally, and they were all funny.Their voice have a power and strong impact to the audience despite the fact that they were using a sound of a chopper that was quite loud but they did not let the sound cover up their voice. Last but not the least is the story with the title, â€Å"Kung Paano Magsintas ng Sapatos† by Janina Faith Gacosta. The story was a bit simple and it has a predictable ending. But with that matter, the characters did a great job especially the man at his young age, he was able to portray the role of an old man with side acts like cough and loss of breath, he showed variety of emotions and the delivery of the words was very clear.The little boy also did a great job in acting but the volume of his voice was very low and he is slang that was not that appropria te to his character. To sum up, all of the plays have their different characteristics and the characters as well. But with the right variety of tone, volume, pitch, gestures and even emotions, they can really act in front naturally. I think with coherence with our subject, it is very important that we know those factors that will make pour speech or delivery clear and understandable.

Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis The WritePass Journal

Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis Abstract Gas Chromatography for Environmental Analysis Abstract IntroductionPrinciple for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC)Application of GCÃâ€"GC in Environmental AnalysisWater and Sediment AnalysisAnalysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFsPesticide AnalysisAir AnalysisConclusionsReferencesRelated Abstract The conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC) compared to a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) which provides the highest capacity, improved resolution and many of sensitivity. Additionally, it was create two-dimensional structure chromatogram, which is the proof of assistance in the composite class. Samples can often be minimized or even eliminated in some cases for the practice, as technology provides excellent separation power. All these benefits make GCÃâ€"GC in the toxic compounds involved in the determination of trace level environmental analysis of a very good tool in complex matrices. This paper summarizes some of the environmental analysis and review and monitoring of the GCÃâ€"GC applications Introduction Many years of humans society development led to many of the world distribution of chemicals in the atmosphere, the Earths surface and land border. Many of these compounds are harmful to the worlds ecosystems and the people. Analysis of these compounds in the environment is important. When analytes have high vapor pressure, gas chromatography is the selection method. The main problem in the environmental analysis is to analyze the existence of material is usually very complex matrix trace. Result, a huge research work into the analysis of major environmental pollutants [1]. Methods used in environmental analysis is usually the same as in all aspects of practice. It includes sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. All of these steps may benefit from change, it is usually the biggest limitations imposed by the separation step. In gas chromatography (GC) cases, the majority of environmental samples containing analyte and matrix components of many closely eluting peaks in a chromatographic dimension (1D) the maximum total capacity is greatly exceeded, and many coelutions and unresolved in the separation region was observed. This led to the analyte of interest and quantify the poor separation [1]. Poor resolution in the chromatographic analysis of sample preparation and detection of high demand for equipment placement. Expensive and labor-intensive sample preparation, and solvent waste may cause a lot of harmful to the environment.   By microextraction method development, such as liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) and non-dissolved sample introduction system (ie, direct thermal desorption), has the potential to greatly simplify the sample preparation process, without sacrificing sensitivity and selectivity [2-5]. On investigation, lack of resolution often means using mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), in some cases, is necessary. Figure 1 illustrates the GC-MS encountered in the common problems [36]. In the analysis of food extracts commonly 1D-GC clinch with insecticides (Fig. 1b), trace interest (in this case chlorfenvinphos) coelute analyte and sample matrix is more abundant components. Resu lts obtained for such compounds, mass spectrometry (Figure 1e) frequently contains compounds derived from fragments of interference, leading to poor matching and library mass spectrometry (Fig. 1d). MS overlap algorithm may greatly improve the quality of the information of coeluting peak, but they are not always successful, when the number of coelutions is high. Figure 1a shows, full 2D-GC (GCÃâ€"GC) to increase space and improve the chromatographic separation of the resolution, resulting in the separation of analytes of interest (chlorfenvinphos) from coeluting compounds and matrix components. Result, improved the quality of the analyte mass (Fig. 1c), taking into account the proof of a more confident analysis of material (Figure 1d). It is possible that some coelutions exist; these may often solve efficiently overlap with the MS, leading to better results, while reducing the number of components when the coeluting. GCÃâ€"GC separation with the increased power resulting in a succ essful demonstration and quantification of analytes. Fig. 1 GCÃâ€"GC–TOF MS versus 1D-GC–TOF MS for the analysis of a carrot extract. The highest-capacity problem in terms of conventional gas chromatography through multi-dimensional gas chromatography to cope (MDGC) implementation. In this method, one-dimensional (1D) chromatogram of a complex and unresolved part is subjected to the stationary phase coated with a second column separation of the other selectivity [1]. Although this method increases the 1D chromatographic part of the choice of chromatographic resolutions, this method with automation challenging, and only a few sample components can be adequately addressed. However, the many applications is good for the PCBs, pesticides and toxaphene analysis, among other things, the report with different degrees of success [6-12]. Overall, however, is the exact number of separation will be beneficial, if the entire sample is subjected to a separation in two dimensions. This became possible a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) in the introduction. Principle for Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCÃâ€"GC) 2D-GC is a comprehensive method of fundamental solution to meet the highest capacity. A typical structure of GCÃâ€"GC set in Figure 2. The basic structure of GCÃâ€"GC using virtually is the same as the composition of 1D-GC. These include syringes, oven, columns and detectors. In a typical GCÃâ€"GC system, using non-polar stationary phase coated with a thick coating of a long column was installed as the main column. The exports through a special interface or modem is connected to the entrance of the second dimension column coated with stationary phase of another selectivity. Modulator connected not only to primary and secondary column; its main role is repeated trapping of the effluent fractions from the first dimension and periodic injection of them to the form of narrow pulses separated into further chromatographic analysis. Because the operation of 2D-GC in the fast condition, the detector in the GCÃâ€"GC selection is limited to those capable of fast data collection rate. For e xample, GCÃâ€"GC detector can include flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), single atomic emission detector (AED), sulfur compounds optical detector (SCD), nitrogen photodetector compounds (NCD) and time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS). Modulator is the important part of the instrument, because it guarantees the separation is comprehensive and multidimensional [13]. In 1991, the first implementation of the GCÃâ€"GC, the field has witnessed a number of modulator design [14]. Initially, the use of thermal adjustment of the heat modulator was implemented; however, the modular cryogenic liquid (liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen) is currently the main use. Modulator at low temperatures within the system, each design has its own distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for analysis of the specific type. For example, the analysis of water pollutants has been developed an interface [19], when the buildings, and an in-house applications modulator in the quantitative analysis of PAHs and PCBs has been described [15]. Then, the modulator of the different types of analyte in the analysis of organohalogenated been evaluated [16]. The implementation of GCÃâ€"GC provides the following advantage to surpass the 1D separation method: improvement separation strength; improved sensitivities; and constructs or highly predetermined, stratography spectrum. In the environment analysis, GCÃâ€"GC has the potential to improve the toxic compound through the separation from the coeluting analysis and the matrix component, increases the detection limit such chemical product and provides the ideal for the surveillance application the two-dimensional stratography spectrum which constructs. Finally, this possibly causes to reduce to the smallest sample preparation procedure, and reduces analysis time. Other applications are also possible. For example, recently, GCÃâ€"GC the product estimate which divided into for the diesel oil hydrocarbon environment had used, was important affected many ecosystems [17] the oil leak. Application of GCÃâ€"GC in Environmental Analysis Water and Sediment Analysis The water is the most basic material to the life in planet. In order to estimate that the tap water safety for human consumption, the rapid, precise and the accurate method needs to analysis the water. The sediment is also important for river and the lake; The analysis of water pollutant is time-consuming sample preparation, follows by GC-MS analyzes. In the initial period realized that GCÃâ€"GC has the great potential improvement to analysis water and sediment. In its earliest applications in this region, GCÃâ€"GC was explained possibly from the common matrix interference which is separating the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and methyl alcohol tert butyl ether (MTBE), when and SPME [18]. The separation strength of GCÃâ€"GC is improved; MTBE and the benzene are the foundation line solution in the 2nd chromatograph analysis space. This research showed GCÃâ€"GC has the great potential for water   pollutant analysis by combination this technology with microextraction (head space SPME). Certain Earths freshwater body is polluted daily by petroleum and the oil contamination. In the 1970s, it is pays attention the petroleum sample stratography spectrum to exhibit a model, has not solved, foundation line which rises â€Å"hillock† [20]. Chromatogram is the complex part, including compound many different kinds, refers to â€Å"unsolution complex mixture† at present [21]. GCÃâ€"GC-FID uses in analysis of two different freshwater sediments [21]. Observed the conventional sample preparation procedure, the author has used the superior resolution, and has constructed the chromatogram of sediment for UCM different levele by GCÃâ€"GC. The chromatogram obtained for two samples provides by clue direction contamination important source researcher. , The research showed GCÃâ€"GC the potential importantly in the environment law, for an environmental chemistry basic tool, environmental audit. The nonylphenol polyethylene ethoxides degenerated product, was possible feminine hormone splitter [22]. Increases the concern, NPs from the urban district [23] the water and the deposition present are found. GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS is the NP isomer separation from technical mixture [24] used. 41 components are identified. Figure 3 explanation GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS application to NP isomer respective ion trace analysis from identical research. Two NP stave products were explained that m/z 135 (chart 3a) and m/z 149 (chart 3b). Two chromatogram exhibition group type separation, emphasizes by the connection compound peak maximum value in the identical homologous family incline line. It from as a result of various NP isomer structure similarity, the complete separation is the very difficult this chart is obvious. However, other resolution strength by GCÃâ€"GC provided â€Å"cleanly† the mass spectrum to provide, made the analysis proof to be easier.   Fig. 3. Extracted ion GCÃâ€"GC–TOF MS chromatograms of a technical nonylphenyl (NP) mixture GCÃâ€"GC for to the environment pollutants analysis was recently the application current in oceanic deposit [25]. A qualitative method has developed, fast and is unified according to the tendency by the ultrasonic wave assistances extraction to the complex samples high resolution analysis provides to GCÃâ€"GC-TOF UAE which is fast and high efficiency selective sampling pretreatment procedure is utilized solid sample [30]. A high efficiency and has the selective sample preparation method, when the powerful separation method GCÃâ€"GC combine with UAE can causes 1500 kind of more than several not aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) the compound and the certificate resolution, NPs and dialkylated benzene. Once more, GCÃâ€"GC not only ability from each other isolation analysis, and has proven from the sample matrix priceless. The carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, PAHs is many industry activity by-product and the universal existence is distributed in the environment. Because it requests the hard sledding and has the selective sample preparation, they in the deposition samples trace determination are difficult. The improvement to complex matrixs PAHs, the Cavagnino trace analysis with GCÃâ€"GC-FID [large-volume splitless injection (LVSI) technology]. Sample complex which analyzes is many deposition sample representative who obtains from the river and the lake. Separated and investigates seven PAHs which diluted in the synthesis diesel oil to demonstrate the LVSI- GCÃâ€"GC-FID potential achievement in the low ppb level for to trace amount analysis one powerful and the rapid tool in complex matrix PAHs. While, Ong. and so on has developed a PAHs rapid surveillance method probably in the soil sample, utilizes liquid extraction (PLE) GCÃâ€"GC-FID [27]. The current publishing work is merely GCÃâ€"GC latent serviceable demonstration to deposition sample PAH analysis. In brief, with the resolution which improves, improvement many sensitivities and the stratography spectrum which orders, GCÃâ€"GC may add on the result which effective and the rapid sample preparation method produces cannot be achieved by the routine analysis procedure. Analysis of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and some polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners is dominated by bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the environment and thus is a dangerous The wildlife and people. Many are suspected carcinogens and induced changes of [28]. Of PCBs, dioxins and furans in the environment assessment of certain requirements of a method to isolate and quantify them in complex samples such as food, soil and water. GCÃâ€"GC provides one advantageous method in complex matrixs PCDDs and the PCDFs analysis. In its one of early experiments, a liquid crystal main column and a limitless secondary column (according to steam pressure separation) uses in (according to the planarity separation) separates the tone and from technical mixture [30] non-straight PCB congeners. The connection GCÃâ€"GC microelectron captures investigates (MECD) is toxic PCBs, PCDDs and the PCDFs determination is the application in the cod liver sample [29]. The analysis result showed all 12 priority PCB from liver sample congeners, and most toxic Dai Aoxin and fu nan the full separation and the proof nail fast with 90 PCBs and 17 contain poison PCDDs and PCDFs. Moreover, when compares with the standard sample preparation procedure, the liver sample pretreatment does not have the selectivity and reduces to is smallest. It has included the direct injection and fractionation followed cell degree of illness gradually draws back, the centrifuge process to enter GCÃâ€"GC the system. Figure 4 showing from the 2nd stratography spectrum which obtains to the cod liver samples analysis. Recently, an item of multilaboratory research has been conducted in food sample, analyzes PCDD/Fs and World Health Organization PCBs through once more GCÃâ€"GC-MECD and the GC-HRMS comparison and the explanation GCÃâ€"GC great potential in the rapid surveillance application [31]. With the standard analysis method comparison GCÃâ€"GC, GCÃâ€"GC the performance is unified (GCÃâ€"GC-ID-TOF MS) has to 13C mark isotopic dilution (ID) TOF MS conventional GC-HRMS to appraise [32]. Quantification 17 PCDD/Fs and four PCBs nail fast in the soil and in the deposition sample are two methods are comparable. However, GCÃâ€"GC implementation request only smallest sample preparation, and causes the signal improvement (factor 5-10), superior resolution, lower instrumentation expense, and improved TOF the MS data [32] the ghost overlaps legitimately. As highest capacity which and resolution result increases, the unknown compounds proof is possible.   Fig. 4 GCÃâ€"GC–ECD chromatogram of a cod liver sample spiked with 90 PCBs [29]. Pesticide Analysis Forms the challenge to the pesticide analysis to analyze the chemist to prepare about the sample to make the law and the chromatography. Is similar other toxic compound, the pesticide is usually distributed in the trace amount environment. Moreover, they are extreme complex matrix part of for example foods, the soil and the water sample. Needs to be like today presses to the rapid high resolution analysis method. GCÃâ€"GC the application early showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in persons organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GCÃâ€"GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in persons blood serum [33] the pesticide. To were few from the sharp persons blood serum extractions 15 pesticides foundation line segments achieve in four minutes. Later, GCÃâ€"GC-FID to estimate that the child pesticide exposure has been utilized through the use urine and the blood serum [34] low-power. This special example in were few showed 16 pesticide complete separations in four minutes. Recently, has been demonstrated including PCBs and the organic chlorine pesticide 59 organization pollutants proof and the quantification [35]. But GCÃâ€"GC-ID-TOF MS completed the comparable result author who ran in standard routine analysis (GC-ID-TOFMS) to indicate that analyzed like this, three different injection needs. GCÃâ€"GC the application earl y showed the method potential regular implementation to the pesticide analysis in persons organization in the future. Supercritical invariable extraction (SFE) with GCÃâ€"GC-FID together utilizes the analysis in persons blood serum [33]. Pesticide determination in food extract is similarly important. Separated using GCÃâ€"GC-TOF MS and identifies 58 pesticides to nail fast completely on the vegetable was explained [36]. This completed with has been smallest and the non-selective sample preparation: The celery or the carrot sample and the sodium acetate and the ethyl acetate have chopped, mixed, was mixed, has been separated, and is dried. The extract is injected entered GCÃâ€"GC [36]. Recently, separated 12 halogenate compound kind of groups five different GCÃâ€"GC column combination to appraise, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, multi-chlorobenzene diphenyl ester (PCDEs), multi-chlorobenzene naphthalene (PCNs), multi-chlorobenzene dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs), multi-chlorobenzene terphenyl (PCTs), multi-chlorobenzene alkane (PCAs), toxaphene, multi-bromination biphenyl (PBBs), multi-bromination diphenyl ether (PBDEs) and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) [37]. Although this article focal point is the different compound kind of major group separates, was also explained in the family separation. When the separation and proof all 28 OCPs are pure pesticide mixture has only been demonstrated that majority has been separated fully, since, when injects along other 11 compound kind of [37]. Therefore, its as if that the column establishment which disposes appropriately with one, GCÃâ€"GC may use takes mainly shields step for the environment sample contamination and along pol lutant many other kind of pesticides, with smallest sample preparation. Air Analysis Volatile organic compound (VOCs) in metropolis photochemical smog [38] the generation plays a strong character. The World Health Organization thought that possibly has to the air granular materials exposition to the human health [39] the ill effect. But, uncertainty existence about from VOCs health effect in metropolis granular material (PM) [40]. Therefore, requests rapid, reliable and information method guarantee in air pollutant successful surveillance, proof and discovery. Many PAHs and PAHs (oxy-PAHs) which oxidizes is the carcinogen which and the mutagen suspected, with, therefore they are in the metropolis aerosol analysis profitable target analysis. GCÃâ€"GC-FID and GCÃâ€"GC four-pole MS (QMS) is applied permits from Finland about 1500 peaks goal PAHs [41] investigates in the metropolis air sample and the proof. But woman is unified the method for the compound proof and the quantification, used GCÃâ€"GC-FID the combination to confirm the good reproducibility. 13 non-goal PAHs has been identified, and ten goal PAHs by quota. Found PAH centralism scope (0.5-5.5 ng/m3) with in Europe [41] other parts of standard methods obtained the result was comparable. The cigarette smoke is estimate extreme complex mixture component [43] which has not recognized including about 4,700 kind of identifications compound and 100,000. GCÃâ€"GC-TOFMS utilizes the solution approximately from the cigarette smoke [43] 30,000 peaks. After this, analyzes cigarette smoke condensate simpler sample determination neutrality score [44], basic score [45] and acidic score [46] chemical composition. Conventional GC-MS possible to separate 200 unknown peaks and identifies 115 hydrocarbons from the cigarette condensate limitless neutral scores; To identical sample GCÃâ€"GC analysis, however, has achieved 4,000 kind of compound separations and 1,800 hydrocarbons [44] proved. In another research, GCÃâ€"GC-TOF has identified 377 kind of nitrogen-containing compound to the cigarette condensates basic scores MS analysis, in 155 is the pyridine derivative, 104 kinds kui lin or different kui lin derivative and 56 kind of pyrazine derivative [45]. Conclusions GCÃâ€"GC has achieved the condition rapidly for to the volatile organic compound analysis most powerful tool. It appoints oneself achievement to be suitable completely for in the complex sample surveillance analysis technology. In the environment analyzed area, this includes PCBs by the analysis many example testimony to the common environment pollutant, PCDDs, PCDFs, PAHs and the pesticide in the complex environment matrix. Moreover, GCÃâ€"GC has the potential to simplify the sample preparation procedure (even completely to eliminate them), when simultaneously causes when the shorter overall analysis time high resolution stratography spectrum. Regarding widely a new analysis method which adopts, not only it is certainly reliable and renewable, but it should also exhibit the significant advantage to surpass the method which accepts. The example reported the showing GCÃâ€"GC method advantage in this review in the traditional 1DGC separation. In GCÃâ€"GC historical first years period, the instrumentation development is the main focal point; However, from GCÃâ€"GC systems commercialization, the application quantity which reported greatly increases in the environment analysis and other scientific fields. Therefore, we may anticipate that the transition automation GCÃâ€"GC is unified on-line sample which the correspondence uses to prepare gradually the equipment in the regular environmental monitoring. References 1. Marriott PJ. Haglund P, Ong RCY. Clin Chim Acta. 2003, 328:1–19. 2. Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction, theory and practice. Wiley, New York. 1997. 3. Pawliszyn J. (1999) Applications of solid phase microextraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 4. Dettmer K, Engewald W. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2002, 373: 490–500. 5. Butrym E. LC-GC. 1999, 17:S19–S24. 6. de Geus H-J, Wester PG, Schelvis A, de Boer J, Brinkman UATh. J Environ Monit. 2000, 2:503–511. 7. Mrowetz SHJ. J Chromatogr A. 1983, 279:173–187. 8. 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Linear Parent Functions (Algebra Help)

Linear Parent Functions (Algebra Help) In Algebra Functions, a function is described as a set of data that has one distinct output (y) for each input (x). A function also describes the relationship between inputs (x) and outputs (y). As a testament to the various patterns between x and y, several types of functions exist. Algebraic Functions LinearAbsolute ValueQuadraticExponentialTrigonometricRationalLogarithmic Each type of Algebraic function is its own family and possesses unique traits. If you want to understand the characteristics of each family, study its parent function, a template of domain and range that extends to other members of the family. This article focuses on the linear parent function. Linear Parent Function Characteristics The equation of the linear parent function is y x. Refer to Linear Parent Function for the graph of y x. Domain: All real numbers Range: All real numbersThe slope, or rate of change, is constant. Linear Function Flips, Shifts, and Other Tricks Family members have common and contrasting attributes. If your dad has a big nose, then you probably have one as well. Nonetheless, just as you are different from your parents, so is a subsequent function different from its parent. Note: Any changes to the equation will alter the graph. Vertical Shiftsy x1The graph shifts up 1 unit. y x-4The graph shifts down 4 units. Changes in Steepnessy 3xThe graph becomes steeper. y  ½xThe graph becomes flatter. Negative Influencey  The graph flips and slopes downward, instead of upward. (See Calculate a Negative Slope.)

Laura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Laura - Essay Example Fast moving items are being recorded in the store managers’ hand-held computer in order to relay the message to the head office and its central design team. When it comes to production, Laura chose to print roughly 40% of its own fabric and produces 80% of its finished products. This production strategy allows Laura to be more flexible in responding to the sudden changes in fashion trend. Having an efficient logistics and Laura’s commitment to produce unique and fashionable clothing preferred by its target consumers throughout UK and Europe within a short span of 15 days makes the company able to keep up with the fast changing fashion trends. By continuously expanding its market distribution via increasing the number of its store outlets, telephone / mail order operation, and investing on online catalogue and ordering system including its practice of changing the store clothing designs every 4 weeks makes the annual sales increase over the The strength of Laura’s production system includes its ability to determine the trend of in-fashion clothing and its immediate response to the customers’ needs and wants by investing on a low cost in-house garment production that is responsible in printing its own fabrics, cutting, and sewing of garments just-in-time for delivery. The benefit of such production strategy is that it allows Laura to immediately respond to the customers’ constantly changing preferred fashion style within a short span of 15 days. The problem with this type of production strategy is the fact that its competitors are saving more money from outsourcing the production of garments in third world countries by bulk. In line with a much lower cost of production, Laura’s competitors are able to sell their product line at a much lower price. For this reason, Laura is not able to penetrate the lower end of the markets that are